Methods for bonding substrates with transient liquid phase bonds by spark plasma sintering
According to one embodiment disclosed herein, a first substrate may be bonded to a second substrate by a method which includes providing the first substrate which includes a bonding surface, providing the second substrate which includes a complementary bonding surface, providing a bonding layer precursor which includes metal particles of a first metal composition and metal particles of a second metal composition, and forming a transient liquid phase bonding layer by spark plasma sintering the bonding layer precursor. The bonding layer precursor may be positioned between the first substrate and the second substrate, and the bonding layer may be in contact with the bonding surface of the first substrate and the complementary bonding surface of the second substrate.
1. A method for bonding a first substrate to a second substrate, the method comprising:
providing the first substrate comprising a bonding surface;
providing the second substrate comprising a complementary bonding surface;
providing a bonding layer precursor comprising metal particles of a first metal composition and metal particles of a second metal composition, the bonding layer precursor positioned between the first substrate and the second substrate, and the bonding layer in contact with the bonding surface of the first substrate and the complementary bonding surface of the second substrate; and
forming a transient liquid phase bonding layer by spark plasma sintering the bonding layer precursor.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the spark plasma sintering comprises applying a direct current to the bonding layer precursor.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the application of the direct current heats the bonding layer precursor.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the direct current is pulsed.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the spark plasma sintering comprises applying pressure to the bonding layer precursor.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the spark plasma sintering takes place in a vacuum environment.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming of the bonding layer does not utilize a flux.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bonding layer is substantially voidless.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first metal composition has a melting point of less than about 400° C.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second metal composition has a melting point of greater than about 500° C.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein a melting point of the first metal composition is at least about 100° C. less than a melting point of the second metal composition.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first metal composition comprises at least about 95% tin.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second metal composition comprises at least about 95% of aluminum, nickel, copper, or combinations thereof.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bonding layer comprises an alloy of tin.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bonding layer comprises an alloy of tin, and further comprises aluminum, nickel, copper, or combinations thereof.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bonding surface of the first substrate comprises a metal chosen from aluminum, nickel, copper, or combinations thereof.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the complementary bonding surface of the second substrate comprises a metal chosen from aluminum, nickel, copper, or combinations thereof.
18. A method for bonding a first substrate to a second substrate, the method comprising:
providing the first substrate comprising a bonding surface;
providing the second substrate comprising a complementary bonding surface;
providing a bonding layer precursor comprising metal particles of a first metal composition and metal particles of a second metal composition, the bonding layer precursor positioned between the first substrate and the second substrate, and the bonding layer in contact with the bonding surface of the first substrate and the complementary bonding surface of the second substrate; and
forming a transient liquid phase bonding layer by spark plasma sintering the bonding layer precursor, the spark plasma sintering comprising:
applying a pulsed direct current to the bonding layer precursor to heat the bonding layer precursor; and
applying pressure to the bonding layer precursor, wherein the spark plasma sintering takes place in a vacuum environment.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the forming of the bonding layer does not utilize a flux.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the bonding layer is substantially voidless.