Reducing systemic regulatory T cell levels or activity for treatment of disease and injury of the CNS
A pharmaceutical composition comprising an active agent that causes reduction of the level of systemic immunosuppression in an individual for use in treating a disease, disorder, condition or injury of the CNS that does not include the autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), is provided. The pharmaceutical composition is for administration by a dosage regimen comprising at least two courses of therapy, each course of therapy comprising in sequence a treatment session followed by an interval session of non-treatment.
1. A method of treating an Alzheimer's Disease, the method comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising a neutralizing antibody against a programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), or an anti-PD-L1 antibody fragment thereof having antagonistic or inactivating activity,
wherein the composition is administered by a dosage regime comprising at least two courses of therapy, each course of therapy comprising in sequence a treatment session where the composition is administered once to the individual followed by a non-treatment period of 14 days or longer where the composition is not administered to the individual,
wherein administration of the composition transiently reduces levels of systemic immunosuppression and increases choroid plexus gateway activity in facilitating selective recruitment of immune cells into the central nervous system, thereby treating the individual.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the non-treatment period is 21 days or longer.
3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the non-treatment period is 28 days or longer.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the non-treatment period is from three weeks to six months.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the non-treatment period is 2 to 4 weeks.
6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the non-treatment period is 3 to 4 weeks.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the neutralizing anti-PD-L1 antibody is a human or humanized neutralizing anti-PD-L1 antibody.
8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the human neutralizing anti-PD-L1 antibody is Avelumab (MSB0010718C), Durvalumab (MEDI-4736) or (BMS-936559.
9. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the humanized neutralizing anti-PD-L1 antibody is Atezolizumab (MPDL3280A).
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the transient reduction in the level of systemic immunosuppression is associated with an increase in a systemic presence or activity of IFNγ-producing leukocytes and/or an increase in a systemic presence or activity of an IFNγ cytokine.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the transient reduction in the level of systemic immunosuppression is associated with an increase in a systemic presence or activity of effector T cells.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the transient reduction in the level of systemic immunosuppression is associated with a decrease in a systemic presence or activity of regulatory T cells and/or a decrease in a systemic presence of an IL-10 cytokine.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the transient reduction in the level of systemic immunosuppression is associated with a decrease in a systemic presence or myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs).
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the transient reduction in the level of systemic immunosuppression occurs by release of a restraint imposed on the immune system by one or more immune checkpoints.
15. The method according to claim 14 , wherein administration of the composition blocks the one or more immune checkpoints, thereby causing the transient reduction in the level of systemic immunosuppression.
16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the one or more immune checkpoints includes PD1-PDL1.
17. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a cerebral level of soluble amyloid beta peptide is reduced in the individual, a cerebral amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque burden is reduced or cleared in the individual, a hippocampal gliosis is reduced in the individual, a cerebral level of a pro-inflammatory cytokine is reduced in the individual, a brain inflammation is decreased in the individual and/or a cognitive function is improved in the individual.
18. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the improved cognitive function is learning, memory, creation of imagery, plasticity, thinking, awareness, reasoning, spatial ability, speech and language skills, language acquisition, capacity for judgment, attention or any combination thereof.
19. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the immune cells include monocytes, macrophages, or T cells.
20. The method according to claim 19 , wherein the T cells include regulatory T cells.
21. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the neutralizing anti-PD-L1 is the only active ingredient of the composition.