High-speed multiframe dynamic transmission electron microscope image acquisition system with arbitrary timing
An electron microscope is disclosed which has a laser-driven photocathode and an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) laser system (“laser”). The laser produces a train of temporally-shaped laser pulses of a predefined pulse duration and waveform, and directs the laser pulses to the laser-driven photocathode to produce a train of electron pulses. An image sensor is used along with a deflector subsystem. The deflector subsystem is arranged downstream of the target but upstream of the image sensor, and has two pairs of plates arranged perpendicular to one another. A control system controls the laser and a plurality of switching components synchronized with the laser, to independently control excitation of each one of the deflector plates. This allows each electron pulse to be directed to a different portion of the image sensor, as well as to be provided with an independently set duration and independently set inter-pulse spacings.
1. An electron microscope, comprising:
a photocathode;
a laser system for producing a train of laser pulses of a predefined pulse duration and waveform, wherein the laser system is arranged to direct the train of laser pulses to the photocathode to produce a train of electron pulses;
a sample holder for retaining a sample, wherein the sample holder is downstream of the photocathode;
a deflector subsystem having electrostatic deflector plates arranged downstream of the sample holder;
an image sensor downstream of the deflector subsystem, wherein the image sensor provides signals corresponding to a sequence of images or diffraction patterns of the sample; and
a control system in communication with the laser system and the deflector subsystem, wherein the control system is synchronized with the laser system for reversibly switching voltage signals applied to each of the deflector plates to independently control excitation of each of the deflector plates to synchronize operation of the deflector subsystem with the train of laser pulses, so as to direct each electron pulse of the train of electron pulses to a portion of the image sensor to provide the signals corresponding to the sequence of images or diffraction patterns of the sample.
2. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein the control system controls the laser so that a frame shift occurs during at least one of the train of laser pulses.
3. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein the control system enables multiple images or diffraction patterns to be acquired on at least one of a nanosecond scale or a microsecond scale before, during or after a single sample drive event.
4. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein a duration of a given electron pulse of the train of electron pulses ranges from about 5 nanoseconds to 250microseconds.
5. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein the control system controls the laser system and the deflector subsystem to produce interframe times of at least about 10 nanoseconds.
6. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein the control system controls the laser system to produce the train of laser pulses as ultraviolet (UV) laser pulses.
7. The electron microscope of claim 6 , wherein each laser pulse of the train of laser pulses has a square shape.
8. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein the laser system includes one or more of a digital-to-analog arbitrary signal generator; a continuous wave (CW) seed laser; a plurality of laser amplifiers; electro-acoustic and acousto-optic modulators; a refractive optic; a plurality of lens relays; and a plurality of pinhole spatial filters.
9. The electron microscope of claim 8 , wherein the laser system includes two or more of a digital-to-analog arbitrary signal generator; a continuous wave (CW) seed laser; a plurality of laser amplifiers; electro-acoustic and acousto-optic modulators; a refractive optic; a plurality of lens relays; and a plurality of pinhole spatial filters.
10. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein the electron microscope produces the train of laser pulses such that each laser pulse of the train of laser pulses has a total energy per pulse of at least about 100 millijoule.
11. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein the train of laser pulses yields a mixture of multiple microsecond exposure images and nanosecond exposure images on the image sensor.
12. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein the control system controls an application of a voltage ranging from +800V to −800V to each of the electrostatic deflector plates of the deflector subsystem to deflect one or more electron pulses of the train of electron pulses to selected regions of the image sensor.
13. The electron microscope of claim 12 , wherein during use, the train of electron pulses are deflected by the deflector subsystem to produce at least one of a two by two array of images or diffraction patterns; three by three array of images or diffraction patterns; four by four array of images or diffraction patterns; and a five by five array of images or diffraction patterns.
14. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein the control system is in communication with a switching subsystem that reversibly switches the voltage signals applied to each of the deflector plates.
15. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein the control system provides a given electron pulse of the train of electron pulses with an independently set and programmable duration.
16. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein the control system provides variable and/or independently-controlled spacings between sequentially generated electron pulses of the train of electron pulses.
17. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein the train of laser pulses have substantially flat temporal profiles.
18. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein the train of laser pulses have substantially flat spatial profiles.
19. The electron microscope of claim 1 , wherein each laser pulse of the train of laser pulses has a duration up to about 250 microseconds.
20. The electron microscope of claim 19 , wherein each laser pulse of the train of laser pulses has a duration of at least about 5 nanoseconds.