Bidirectional battery charger integrated with renewable energy generation
In one embodiment, a bidirectional battery charger integrated with renewable energy generation includes a primary side AC/DC rectifier coupled to the electrical grid and a first DC bus, a DC/AC inverter coupled to the first DC bus and a primary winding, a secondary side AC/DC rectifier coupled to a secondary winding and a battery, and a boost converter coupled to a renewable energy generator and the first DC bus. The boost converter includes an active switch controlled by a control algorithm that, when renewable power is available, operates the active switch at a duty cycle that allows power to flow from the renewable energy generator to the first DC bus and on to charge the battery (without passing though the primary side AC/DC rectifier) or on to supply the electrical grid (without passing through the DC/AC inverter and secondary side AC/DC rectifier), and, when not available, disables the active switch.
1. A bidirectional battery charger integrated with renewable energy generation, comprising
a primary side alternating current/direct current (AC/DC) rectifier coupled to an electrical grid and a first direct current (DC) bus;
a direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) inverter coupled to the first DC bus and a primary winding of a transformer;
a secondary side AC/DC rectifier coupled to a secondary winding of the transformer and a battery;
a boost converter coupled to a renewable energy generator and the first DC bus, the boost converted including an active switch; and
a microcontroller coupled to the active switch of the boost converter, and configured to provide control signals thereto according to a control algorithm, the control algorithm to:
when renewable power is available, send control signals to operate the active switch of the boost converter at a duty cycle to allow power to flow from the renewable energy generator to the first DC bus, and
when renewable power is not available, send control signals to disable the active switch of the boost converter to isolate the renewable energy generator from the first DC bus.
2. The bidirectional battery charger of claim 1 , wherein the DC/AC inverter includes active switches and the control algorithm is further configured to:
when charging the battery, send control signals to operate the active switches of the DC/AC inverter at a second duty cycle, and
when supplying power to the electrical grid, send control signals to disable the active switches of the DC/AC inverter.
3. The bidirectional battery charger of claim 2 , wherein the secondary side AC/DC rectifier includes a capacitor that performs DC-bias current blocking, and a bridge configuration of active switches coupled to the capacitor, and the control algorithm is further configured to:
when charging the battery, send control signals to disable the active switches of the secondary side AC/DC rectifier, and
when supplying power to the electrical grid, send control signals to operate the active switches of the secondary side AC/DC rectifier at the second duty cycle.
4. The bidirectional battery charger of claim 3 , wherein the control signals are pulse width modulated (PWM) control signals, and the active switches of the DC/AC inverter and the active switches of the secondary side AC/DC rectifier are operated at a switching frequency that determines power flow.
5. The bidirectional battery charger of claim 1 , wherein the control algorithm is further configured to:
when renewable power is available, determine if power supplied from the renewable energy generator is substantially equal to a maximum power point target, and increase the duty cycle of the active switch of the boost converter to increase power supplied from the renewable energy generator until power supplied from the renewable energy generator is substantially equal to the maximum power point target.
6. The bidirectional battery charger of claim 1 , wherein the active switch in the boost converter is coupled between an inductive element and a diode that are arranged in series.
7. The bidirectional battery charger of claim 1 , wherein the active switch in the boost converter is a metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET).
8. The bidirectional battery charger of claim 1 , wherein the bidirectional battery charger is an AC fast charger for an electric vehicle, and the battery is a battery of the electric vehicle.
9. The bidirectional battery charger of claim 1 , wherein the renewable power is solar power, and the renewable energy generator is a solar array.
10. A bidirectional alternating current/alternating current (AC/AC) converter, comprising
an alternating current/direct current (AC/DC) rectifier coupled to a direct current (DC) bus;
a direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) inverter coupled to the first DC bus and an alternating current (AC) load, the DC/AC inverter including active switches;
a boost converter coupled to a renewable energy generator and the first DC bus, the boost converted including an active switch;
a microcontroller coupled to the active switches of the DC/AC inverter and the boost converter, and configured to provide control signals thereto according to a control algorithm, the control algorithm to:
when renewable power is available, send control signals to operate the active switch of the boost converter at a duty cycle to allow power to flow from the renewable energy generator to the first DC bus, and
when renewable power is not available, send control signals to disable the active switch of the boost converter to isolate the renewable energy generator from the first DC bus.
11. The bidirectional AC/AC converter of claim 10 , wherein the AC/DC rectifier is also coupled to an electrical grid, the DC/AC inverter includes active switches and the control algorithm is further configured to:
when power is to flow to the AC load, send control signals to operate the active switches of the DC/AC inverter at a second duty cycle, and
when power is to supply the electrical grid, send control signals to disable the active switches of the DC/AC inverter.
12. The bidirectional AC/AC converter of claim 11 , wherein the control signals are pulse width modulated (PWM) control signals, and the active switches of the DC/AC inverter are operated at a switching frequency that determines power flow.
13. The bidirectional AC/AC converter of claim 10 , wherein the control algorithm is further configured to:
when renewable power is available, determine if power supplied from the renewable energy generator is substantially equal to a maximum power point target, and increase the duty cycle of the active switch of the boost converter to increase power supplied from the renewable energy generator until power supplied from the renewable energy generator is substantially equal to the maximum power point target.
14. The bidirectional AC/AC converter of claim 10 , wherein the active switch in the boost converter is coupled between an inductive element and a diode that are arranged in series.
15. The bidirectional AC/AC converter of claim 10 , wherein the active switch in the boost converter is a metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET).
16. The bidirectional AC/AC converter of claim 10 , wherein the AC load is a primary winding of a transformer, and the bidirectional AC/AC converter is part of a bidirectional battery charger that further includes a secondary side AC/DC rectifier coupled to a secondary winding of the transformer and a second DC bus coupled to a battery.
17. The bidirectional AC/AC converter of claim 16 , wherein the bidirectional battery charger is an AC fast charger for an electric vehicle, and the battery is a battery of the electric vehicle.
18. A bidirectional battery charger integrated with renewable energy generation, comprising
a primary side alternating current/direct current (AC/DC) rectifier coupled to an electrical grid and a first direct current (DC) bus;
a direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) inverter including metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) coupled to the first direct current (DC) bus and to a primary winding of a transformer;
a secondary side alternating current/direct current (AC/DC) rectifier coupled to a secondary winding of the transformer and to a second DC bus coupled to a battery, that includes a bridge configuration of MOSFETs;
a boost converter coupled to a renewable energy generator and the first DC bus, the boost converted including a MOSFET; and
a microcontroller coupled to the MOSFETs of the DC/AC inverter, secondary AC/DC rectifier, and boost converter, and configured to provide control signals thereto according to a control algorithm that operates the MOSFETs of the DC/AC inverter, the secondary side AC/DC rectifier and the boost converter to causes power from the renewable energy generator to charge the battery without passing though the primary side AC/DC rectifier and power from the renewable energy generator to supply the electrical grid without passing through the DC/AC inverter and the secondary side AC/DC rectifier.
19. The bidirectional battery charger of claim 18 , wherein the control algorithm is further configured to:
when renewable power is available, determine if power supplied from the renewable energy generator is substantially equal to a maximum power point target, and increase the duty cycle of the MOSFET of the boost converter to increase power supplied from the renewable energy generator until power supplied from the renewable energy generator is substantially equal to the maximum power point target.
20. The bidirectional battery charger of claim 18 , wherein the bidirectional battery charger is an AC fast charger for an electric vehicle, and the battery is a battery of the electric vehicle.