All-vanadium sulfate acid redox flow battery system
All-vanadium sulfate redox flow battery systems have a catholyte and an anolyte comprising an aqueous supporting solution including chloride ions and phosphate ions. The aqueous supporting solution stabilizes and increases the solubility of vanadium species in the electrolyte, allowing an increased vanadium concentration over a desired operating temperature range. According to one example, the chloride ions are provided by MgCl 2 , and the phosphate ions are provided by (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 .
1. An all-vanadium sulfate acid redox flow battery system comprising:
an anolyte comprising V 2+ and V 3+ in an aqueous supporting solution, the anolyte having a total V 2+ /V 3+ concentration within a range of 1.5-2.0 M; and
a catholyte comprising V 4+ and V 5+ in an aqueous supporting solution, the catholyte having a total V 4+ /V 5+ concentration within a range of 1.5-2.0 M;
the aqueous supporting solution for each of the anolyte and the catholyte comprising
4.5-6 M sulfate ions,
protons,
0.05-0.1 M magnesium ions,
0.2-0.4 M ammonium ions,
0.1-0.2 M chloride ions, and
0.1-0.2 M phosphate ions,
wherein the system is operable over a temperature range of from −5° C. to 50° C.
2. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein:
the chloride ions are provided by MgCl 2 ; and
the phosphate ions are provided by ammonium phosphate.
3. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous supporting solution comprises H 2 O, H 2 SO 4 which provides protons and sulfate ions, MgCl 2 which provides magnesium and chloride ions, and ammonium phosphate which provides ammonium and phosphate ions.
4. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein the anolyte and catholyte independently comprise a solution prepared by combining H 2 O, VOSO 4 , H 2 SO 4 , MgCl 2 , and ammonium phosphate to provide a solution comprising:
1.5-2.0 M vanadium;
4.5-6 M sulfate ions;
0.05-0.1 M magnesium ions;
0.1-0.2 M chloride ions;
0.1-0.6 M ammonium ions; and
0.1-0.2 M phosphate ions.
5. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein the anolyte and catholyte independently consist essentially of a solution prepared by combining water, VOSO 4 , H 2 SO 4 , MgCl 2 , and ammonium phosphate to provide:
1.5-2.0 M vanadium;
4.5-6 M sulfate ions;
0.05-0.1 M magnesium ions;
0.1-0.2 M chloride ions;
0.1-0.6 M ammonium ions; and
0.1-0.2 M phosphate ions.
6. An anolyte and catholyte system for use in an all vanadium sulfate acid redox flow battery system comprising:
an aqueous anolyte comprising V 2+ , V 3+ , sulfate, 0.05-0.1 M magnesium ions and 0.1-0.2 M chloride ions provided by MgCl 2 , and 0.1-0.6 M ammonium ions and 0.1-0.2 M phosphate ions provided by ammonium phosphate; and
an aqueous catholyte comprising V 4+ , V 5+ , sulfate, 0.05-0.1 M magnesium ions and 0.1-0.2 M chloride ions provided by MgCl 2 , and 0.1-0.6 M ammonium ions and 0.1-0.2 M phosphate ions provided by ammonium phosphate.
7. The anolyte and catholyte system of claim 6 , having a Cl:V molar ratio within a range of 1:50 to 1:2 and a phosphate:V molar ratio within a range of 1:50 to 1:2.
8. The battery system of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous supporting solution for each of the anolyte and the catholyte comprises:
0.05-0.1 M magnesium ions and 0.10-0.2 M chloride ions provided by MgCl 2 ; and
0.2-0.4 M ammonium ions and 0.1-0.2 M phosphate ions provided by (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 .
9. The battery system of claim 1 , further comprising:
an anode;
a cathode; and
a separator separating the anolyte and the catholyte.