Plating bath solutions

1. A method for formulating an initial and subsequently replenished plating bath for plating a plurality of articles comprising the steps of:

forming a plating bath by mixing an initial solution with water, said initial solution comprising, in defined proportions, a metal salt; a complexer; a reducing agent; at least one pH adjuster in addition to said complexer; and at least one stabilizer for stabilizing a plating reaction;

controlling said bath by maintaining the pH and bath temperature;

plating one or more articles;

replenishing said plating bath by adding an additional amount of said initial solution to said plating bath, said additional amount determined based on the determined depletion from said plating bath, said depletion determined based on analysis of said bath; and

plating at least one additional article;

wherein said complexer is selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, malic acid, maleic anhydride, glycine, citric acid, citrates, glycolic acid or salts, succinic acid or salts, beta-alanine, EDTA, ammonium carbonate, ammonium chloride, ammonium hydroxide, citric acid, propionic acid, sodium acetate, tetra potassium pyrophosphate and boric acid; and said at least one pH adjuster is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or other ammonium, or hydroxide or carbonate compound.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said initial solution further comprises at least one type of particulate matter.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said at least one stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of lead, cadmium, bismuth, tin, copper, antimony, sulfur, and non-metal stabilizers.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said initial solution is essentially free of ammonia.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein said at least one article and said additional articles after plating are conformant to Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS), End of Life Vehicles Directive (ELV), and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) regulations.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said plating bath is an electroless nickel plating bath with a metal concentration of six grams per liter or less.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plating bath further comprises at least one of diamond, silicon carbide, boron nitride, PTFE, graphite, carbides, oxides, and fluorides.

8. The method of claim 1 , where said bath is not regenerated.

9. The method of claim 1 , where said bath is directed to commercial use.