Disposable sensor elements, systems, and related methods

1. A breath analysis system comprising:

an evaluation sample input port in fluid communication with an inflow conduit, wherein the inflow conduit is connected to a mouthpiece and is configured to receive an evaluation sample from a patient;

a control sample input port that is separate from the evaluation sample input port and is configured to receive a control sample from an ambient environment; the control sample input port in fluid communication with the ambient environment; and

a disposable sensor element comprising:

a substrate;

a first measurement zone disposed on the substrate, the first measurement zone comprising

a plurality of discrete binding detectors comprising graphene varactors; and

a second measurement zone disposed on the substrate, separate from the first measurement zone, the second measurement zone comprising

a plurality of discrete binding detectors comprising graphene varactors;

wherein the inflow conduit, evaluation sample input port, mouthpiece, and first measurement zone define a portion of a first gas flow path;

wherein the control sample input port and second measurement zone define a portion of a second gas flow path isolated from the first gas flow path such that no portion of the first gas flow path is in fluid communication with any portion of the second gas flow path; and

wherein the first measurement zone is in fluid communication with the evaluation sample input port for receiving the evaluation sample along the first gas flow path and the second measurement zone is in fluid communication with the control sample input port for receiving the control sample along the second gas flow path.

2. The breath analysis system of claim 1 , the substrate having a first side and a second side opposite the first side; the first measurement zone and the second measurement zone both disposed on the first side.

3. The breath analysis system of claim 1 , the substrate having a first side and a second side opposite the first side; the first measurement zone disposed on the first side and the second measurement zone disposed on the second side.

4. The breath analysis system of claim 1 , the sensor element further comprising a third measurement zone isolated from the first gas flow path and the second gas flow path.

5. The breath analysis system of claim 1 , the substrate comprising a material selected from the group consisting of polymers, metals, glasses, ceramics, cellulosic materials and composites.

6. The breath analysis system of claim 5 , the discrete binding detectors comprising graphene varactors further comprising a passive electrical circuit.

7. The breath analysis system of claim 1 , the discrete binding detectors comprising graphene varactors further comprising at least a portion of an electrical circuit, wherein the electrical properties of the electrical circuit change upon binding of an analyte from a gas sample to the discrete binding detectors.

8. The breath analysis system of claim 1 , the discrete binding detectors comprising graphene varactors further comprising a portion of an electrical circuit, wherein the quantum capacitance of the electrical circuit changes upon binding of an analyte from a gas sample to the discrete binding detectors.

9. The breath analysis system of claim 1 , the discrete binding detectors comprising graphene varactors further comprising an LRC resonator circuit, wherein the resonant frequency of the LRC resonator circuit changes upon binding of an analyte from a gas sample to the discrete binding detectors.

10. The breath analysis system of claim 1 , the discrete binding detectors further comprising a metal-graphene-oxide capacitor.

11. The breath analysis system of claim 1 , the discrete binding detectors comprising graphene varactors further functionalized with analyte binding receptors capable of specific binding.

12. The breath analysis system of claim 1 , the discrete binding detectors functionalized with analyte binding receptors capable of non-specific binding.

13. The breath analysis system of claim 1 , further comprising a baffle mounted on the substrate, the baffle defining a portion of the first gas flow path.

14. The breath analysis system of claim 13 , further comprising a second baffle mounted on the substrate, the baffle defining a portion of the second gas flow path.

15. The breath analysis system of claim 11 , wherein the discrete binding detectors are ordered so that discrete binding detectors specific for analytes having a lower molecular weight are located farther away from an incoming gas flow than discrete binding detectors specific for analytes having a higher molecular weight.

16. The breath analysis system of claim 11 , wherein the discrete binding detectors are ordered so that discrete binding detectors specific for analytes having a lower polarity are located farther away from an incoming gas flow than discrete binding detectors specific for analytes having a higher polarity.

17. The breath analysis system of claim 1 , further comprising a storage device, wherein the storage device comprises an electronic data storage device, an optical data storage device, or a printed data storage device.

18. The breath analysis system of claim 1 , wherein the evaluation sample from the first gas flow path is a patient breath sample and the control sample from the second gas flow path is an environmental sample.

19. The breath analysis system of claim 1 , wherein the control sample input port is connected to the mouthpiece;

wherein the mouthpiece can include a switching airflow valve, the switching airflow valve configured to cause the control sample to flow across the second measurement zone when a patient is drawing in a breath; and

wherein the switching airflow valve is further configured to switch when a patient exhales so that the evaluation sample flows from the mouthpiece through the inflow conduit and into the evaluation sample input port and across the first measurement zone.