Proppants and Anti-Flowback Additives Including Compositions Comprising Calcium, Multi-Foil Cross Sections, and/or Size Ranges
A proppant may include a sintered ceramic, wherein the sintered ceramic has a composition including an alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) content ranging from about 60% to about 78% by weight, an iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) content ranging from about 5% to about 20% by weight, a silica (SiO 2 ) content ranging from about 1% to about 10% by weight, a titania (TiO 2 ) content ranging from about 2% to about 8% by weight, and a combined iron oxide and titania content of at least about 11% by weight. A proppant may include a sintered ceramic. The sintered ceramic may have a composition including a calcium oxide (CaO) content ranging from about 1% to about 5% by weight. A rod-shaped proppant may include a sintered ceramic having an aspect ratio ranging from about 1.5 to about 3, an apparent specific gravity ranging from about 2.0 to about 4.0, and a pack porosity of greater than 49%.
1 - 119 . (canceled)
120 . A rod-shaped proppant comprising a sintered ceramic, wherein the proppant has:
an aspect ratio ranging from about 1.5 to about 3;
an apparent specific gravity ranging from about 2.0 to about 4.0;
an API crush value of less than 22% fines at 15,000 psi; and
a pack porosity of greater than 49%.
121 . The proppant of claim 120 , wherein the proppant has a regular polygonal-shaped cross-section.
122 . The proppant of claim 120 , wherein the proppant has a trefoil-shaped cross-section.
123 . The proppant of claim 120 , wherein the proppant has an aspect ratio ranging from about 1.5 to about 2.
124 . The proppant of claim 120 , wherein the proppant has a bulk density ranging from about 1.2 g/cm 3 to about 1.9 cm 3 .
125 . The proppant of claim 120 , wherein the proppant comprises rod-shaped particles and substantially spherical particles.
126 . The proppant of claim 120 , wherein the proppant has a crush strength of at least about 100 MPa.
127 . The proppant of claim 120 , wherein the proppant particles have a length, and wherein at least about 90% by weight of the proppant particles have a length of less than about 10 millimeters.
128 . The proppant of claim 127 , wherein at least about 90% by weight of the proppant particles have a length of less than about 4 millimeters.
129 . The proppant of claim 127 , wherein at least about 90% by weight of the proppant particles have a length of less than about 3 millimeters.
130 . The proppant of claim 120 , wherein the proppant particles have a length, and wherein at least about 10% by weight of the proppant particles have a length of greater than about 1.2 millimeters.
131 . The proppant of claim 120 , wherein the proppant particles have a length, such that the proppant particles have a mean length ranging from about 2 millimeters to about 4 millimeters.
132 . The proppant of claim 131 , wherein the proppant particles have a mean length ranging from about 2.0 millimeters to about 2.6 millimeters.
133 . The proppant of claim 120 , wherein the proppant particles have a cross-sectional diameter, and wherein the proppant particles have a mean cross-sectional diameter ranging from about 0.1 millimeter to about 2.0 millimeters.
134 . The proppant of claim 120 , wherein the proppant particles have a length and a cross-sectional diameter, and wherein at least about 90% by weight of the proppant particles have a length less than about four times the cross-sectional diameter of the respective proppant particles.
135 . The proppant of claim 134 , wherein at least about 90% by weight of the proppant particles have a length less than about three times the cross-sectional diameter of the respective proppant particles.
136 . A proppant comprising a sintered ceramic, wherein the proppant comprises proppant particles having a length and a cross-sectional diameter, and wherein the proppant particles have:
an aspect ratio of length to cross-sectional diameter ranging from about 1.5 to about 3; and
a multifoil-shaped cross-section.
137 . The proppant of claim 136 , wherein the multifoil-shaped cross-section is at least one of a trefoil, a quatrefoil, a cinquefoil, a sexfoil, and a huitfoil.