Systems, methods, and devices for health monitoring of an energy storage device

1. A health monitoring device comprising:

an ultrasound source configured to generate and direct ultrasound at an energy storage device;

an ultrasound sensor configured to detect ultrasound reflected from or transmitted through the energy storage device and to generate a signal responsive to the detected ultrasound from the energy storage device; and

a control unit that receives the signal from the ultrasound sensor, the control unit being configured to determine a state of health of the energy storage device responsive to said signal,

wherein the control unit is configured to control the ultrasound source and the ultrasound sensor to perform an A-scan and to determine the state of health based on amplitude of the detected ultrasound and timing of the detected ultrasound, and

wherein the energy storage device is a battery cell within a battery pack that includes a plurality of individual battery cells, the control unit comprises a battery management system for the battery pack, and the control unit is further configured to determine a state of health of the battery pack based on the signal from the ultrasound sensor.

2. The health monitoring device of claim 1 , wherein said battery cell within the battery pack is a lithium-ion battery cell.

3. The health monitoring device of claim 1 , wherein the generated and detected ultrasound comprises one or more ultrasonic pulses having a frequency greater than 1 MHz.

4. The health monitoring device of claim 1 , further comprising:

a second sensor configured to measure battery cell internal resistance, battery cell discharge profile, battery cell charging time, battery cell current or voltage, battery cell temperature, battery cell strain, battery cell dimensions, or gas venting from the battery cell and to generate a measurement signal responsively thereto.

5. The health monitoring device of claim 1 , wherein said battery cell within the battery pack is a lithium-ion battery cell with multiple electrode layers, the ultrasound source being arranged so as to direct the generated ultrasound perpendicular to a plane of one or more of the electrode layers.

6. The health monitoring device of claim 1 , wherein the ultrasound source and the ultrasound sensor are on a same side of the energy storage device.

7. The health monitoring device of claim 6 , wherein the ultrasound sensor is configured to detect ultrasound reflected from the energy storage device.

8. The health monitoring device of claim 1 , wherein a couplant is disposed along a path of the ultrasound and in contact with an external surface of the energy storage device, and the couplant comprises hydrocarbon grease, an encapsulated gel, or a gel pad.

9. The health monitoring device of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage device comprises multiple electrode layers therein, and the ultrasound source is arranged to directed the generated ultrasound at a nonorthogonal angle with respect to a plane of one or more of the multiple electrode layers.

10. A health monitoring device comprising:

an ultrasound source configured to generate and direct ultrasound at an energy storage device;

an ultrasound sensor configured to detect ultrasound reflected from or transmitted through the energy storage device and to generate a signal responsive to the detected ultrasound from the energy storage device;

a control unit that receives the signal from the ultrasound sensor, the control unit being configured to determine a state of health of the energy storage device responsive to said signal;

a testing platform comprising the ultrasound source and the ultrasound sensor; and

a selection device that selects individual energy storage devices from a plurality of energy storage devices for respective assessment by the ultrasound source and the ultrasound sensor of the testing platform,

wherein the control unit is configured to control the ultrasound source and the ultrasound sensor to perform an A-scan and to determine the state of health based on amplitude of the detected ultrasound and timing of the detected ultrasound,

wherein the selection device comprises a conveying system that moves the individual energy storage devices from the plurality of energy storage devices to the testing platform for the respective assessment, and

wherein the control unit controls the conveying system to direct energy storage devices from the testing platform responsive to the determined state of health from the respective assessment.

11. A battery system with state of health monitoring, the battery system comprising:

a battery pack comprising a plurality of individual lithium-ion battery cells;

one or more ultrasonic health monitoring devices, each ultrasonic health monitoring device being arranged to assess one of the lithium-ion battery cells, each ultrasonic health monitoring device including an ultrasound source that directs ultrasound at the respective lithium-ion battery cell and an ultrasound sensor that detects ultrasound reflected from or transmitted through the respective lithium-ion battery cell and generates a signal responsive thereto; and

a battery management system configured to receive the signal from each ultrasound sensor and to determine a state of health of the battery pack based at least in part on said signal.

12. The battery system of claim 11 , further comprising one or more second sensors, each second sensor being arranged to assess one or more of the lithium-ion battery cells, each second sensor being configured to measure battery cell internal resistance, battery cell discharge profile, battery cell charging time, battery cell current or voltage, battery cell temperature, battery cell strain, battery cell dimensions, or gas venting from the battery cell and to generate a measurement signal responsively thereto.

13. The battery system of claim 11 , wherein the battery pack is constructed for use in an automotive vehicle.