Multifunctional composite coatings for metal whisker mitigation
The present invention relates to composite coatings including particles embedded in a matrix, as well as methods and uses thereof. In some examples, the particles are aligned to enhance mitigation of whisker formation from an underlying metal material. Such coatings can be applied to electrical components, thereby reducing the possibility of electrical short circuits from aberrant whisker growth.
1. A conductive component comprising:
a metal layer formed from a whisker-forming material; and
a conformal coating disposed on at least a portion of the metal layer, wherein the coating further comprises:
a matrix comprised of one or more polymers; and
a plurality of externally alignable metallic particles embedded in the matrix, wherein an average projection of a particle director, which is a unit vector, normal to a surface of the metal layer is greater than about 0.8.
2. The component of claim 1 , wherein the conformal coating is characterized by an order parameter S that is more than about 0.75.
3. The component of claim 1 , wherein the whisker-forming material is tin.
4. The component of claim 1 , wherein the matrix comprises epoxy, silicone, polyurethane, acrylic, or combinations thereof.
5. The component of claim 4 , wherein the plurality of externally alignable metallic particles consists essentially of platelets, flakes, or combinations thereof.
6. The component of claim 4 , wherein each externally alignable metallic particle comprises a major axis having a length scale b that is of from about 2 μm to about 200 μm, wherein each particle comprises a minor axis having a length scale a that is of from about 0.5 μm to about 2 μm, and wherein b is greater than a.
7. The component of claim 6 , wherein the ratio of b to a of from about 1000:1 to about 5:1.
8. The component of claim 6 , wherein the ratio of b to a is greater than about 1:1.
9. The component of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of externally alignable metallic particles comprises one or more of metallic particles, magnetic particles, or combinations thereof.
10. The component of claim 1 , wherein each externally alignable metallic particle comprises a coating.
11. The component of claim 10 , wherein the coating comprises a dielectric, a magnesium fluoride, a polyethylene glycol, a polyethylene oxide, a silica, a ceramic, and/or a fatty acid.
12. The component of claim 1 , wherein the conformal coating comprises of from about 2 vol. % to about 10 vol. % externally alignable metallic particles.
13. The component of claim 12 , wherein the conformal coating comprises a thickness of from about 5 μm to about 200 μm.
14. The component of claim 1 , wherein the conformal coating comprises a plurality of layers embedded within the matrix, and wherein each layer comprises a plurality of externally alignable metallic particles.
15. The component of claim 1 , wherein the conformal coating has beneficial penetration resistance, chemical stability, thermal stability, moisture resistance, low outgassing, low stress, high electrical insulation, thermal conductivity, and/or low gas permeability.
16. The component of claim 15 , wherein the conformal coating has a thermal conductivity of greater than about 1 W/m·K and/or a specific conductivity enhancement of greater than about 50.
17. The component of claim 15 , wherein the conformal coating has a specific dielectric enhancement of greater than about 100.
18. The component of claim 1 , wherein the component is a capacitor, a transistor, or an inductor.
19. The component of claim 1 , wherein a contact angle between the matrix and a surface of the particle is more than about 90°.