Compositions and methods for reducing neointima formation
Compositions, devices, grafts and methods for reducing or preventing anti-neointima following cardiovascular injuries and interventions are disclosed. The compositions, devices, and grafts typically include an effective amount of a CTP synthase 1 inhibitor to reduce proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, without substantial reducing the proliferation of endothelial cells. Methods of reducing neointima formation, accelerating re-endothelialization, and reducing restenosis in a subject using the compositions, devices, and grafts are also disclosed.
1. A method of reducing proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells or reducing neointima formation in a subject comprising implanting into the subject a medical device comprising an effective amount of a CTP synthase 1 (CTPS1) inhibitor to reduce proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in the subject to a greater degree than the inhibitor reduces endothelial cell proliferation in the subject,
wherein the CTPS1 inhibitor is a nucleoside analog.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amount of CTPS1 inhibitor is not sufficient to reduce proliferation of endothelial cells in the subject.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the degree to which VSMC proliferation is reduced relative to EC proliferation is effective to (i) reduce neointima formation at the site of implantation of the device in the subject, (ii) permit or promote re-endothelialization at the site of implantation of the device in the subject, or (iii) a combination thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein nucleoside analog is selected from the group consisting of cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPEC), cyclopentenyl cytosine 5′-triphosphate (CPEC-TP), 3-deazauridine (3-DU), (+) carbodine, (−) carbodine, and pharmacologically active salts thereof.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein nucleoside analog is selected from the group consisting of cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPEC), cyclopentenyl cytosine 5′-triphosphate (CPEC-TP), 3-deazauridine (3-DU), (+) carbodine, (−) carbodine, and pharmacologically active salts thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CTPS1 inhibitor is incorporated into or encapsulated in a delivery vehicle for delivering the CTPS1 inhibitor to vascular smooth muscle cells.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the delivery vehicle is selected from the group consisting of nanoparticles, microparticles, micelles, synthetic lipoprotein particles, liposomes, and carbon nanotubes.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein a targeting signal for enhancing delivery of the CTPS1 inhibitor to vascular smooth muscle cells is (i) operably linked to the CTPS1 inhibitor, or (ii) operably linked to the delivery vehicle for delivering the CTPS1 inhibitor to vascular smooth muscle cells.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the targeting signal binds to Tissue Factor, α v β 3 integrin, or a marker of a clot or thrombosis selected from the group consisting of fibrin, gpIIb/IIIa, tissue factor/VIIA complex, activated clotting factor Xa, activated clotting factor IXa, and the fibrin condensation product d-dimer.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CTPS1 inhibitor is coated onto or incorporated into the device.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the device is selected from the group consisting of implants, stents, and valves.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the device is a drug eluting stent that elutes the CTPS1 inhibitor or a delivery vehicle comprising the CTPS1 inhibitor.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the site of implantation or a site adjacent thereto comprises an injury in need of re-endothelialization, and wherein re-endothelialization occurs faster in the presence of the device than a control device without the CTPS1 inhibitor.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has a vascular proliferation disorder or vascular trauma, or has undergone or is undergoing angioplasty, vascular surgery, or transplantation arteriopathy.
15. The method of claim 1 further comprising administering to the subject cytidine or a cytidine analog.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amount of CTPS1 inhibitor reduces proliferation of VSMC to a greater degree than the inhibitor reduces EC proliferation in an in vitro cell proliferation assay.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amount of CTPS1 inhibitor reduces proliferation of VSMC to a greater degree than the inhibitor reduces EC in a rodent carotid artery wire injury model.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the VSMC are media layer VSMC.
19. A method of reducing proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells or reducing neointima formation in a subject comprising implanting into the subject a medical device comprising an effective amount of cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPEC)
to reduce proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in the subject to a greater degree than the CPEC reduces endothelial cell proliferation in the subject.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the VSMC are media layer VSMC, and the degree to which the media layer VSMC proliferation is reduced relative to the EC is effective to (i) reduce neointima formation at the site of implantation of the device in the subject, (ii) permit or promote re-endothelialization at the site of implantation of the device in the subject, or (iii) a combination thereof.