Controlled-gradient, accelerated vapor-recompression apparatus and method
An accelerated vapor recompression apparatus 10 converts incoming flow 35 a to a concentrate 35 c by developing a concentration profile 146 within a tank 30 holding a liquid 23 containing dissolved solids. The resulting curve 160 of saturation temperature of the stratified liquid 23 (such as a brine 23 or other material 23 ) moves away from the curve 162 corresponding to fully mixed conditions. The shift 174, 180 in saturation temperature results in increased boiling without increased energy from a heater 70 or compressor 50 . A method 90, 200 of control of the system provides interventions 203, 204, 205, 206 at different levels 92, 94, 96, 98 of control, ranging from mass flows 35 to work of a compressor 50 , heat from a heater 70 , and a predictive processing 215 of feedback 217 for controlling commands 216 algorithmically.
1. A method of separating out a material contained in a first liquid, the method comprising:
providing a vapor recompression system comprising a circuit for conducting a fluid initially constituted as the first liquid, in a liquid phase, containing a material considered a contaminant to be separated from the first liquid;
establishing nucleate boiling and a concentration gradient of the material in the first liquid in a first region of the circuit, by evaporating a portion of the first liquid;
establishing condensation in a second region receiving vapor from the first region; and
controlling, in the first region, a boundary establishing a portion of the first region subject to the nucleate boiling of the first liquid by controlling the concentration gradient therein.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
returning from the second region a condensate comprising a portion of the first liquid substantially absent the contaminant; and
returning from the first region a brine increased in a concentration of the contaminant.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
returning from the circuit at least one of a condensate, a portion of the vapor, and a brine, wherein at least one thereof contains the material, and at least one other thereof is substantially devoid of the material.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
providing a feedstock constituted by at least one of a condensate separated from the material, a vapor separated from the material, a brine into which the material has been concentrated, and a solid comprising the material; and
providing the feedstock to a subsequent operation for processing.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the feedstock provides at least one of
a precursor for a chemical reaction;
a second fluid having independent economic value independent from the first liquid;
a constituent, derivable from the fluid, and having independent value in a second market;
the first fluid reusable directly for recycling in a source process providing the carrier to the circuit;
an increased operational efficiency for a disposition process disposing of the feedstock;
reduction of environmental impact of the contaminant; and
improvement in a compliance process in satisfaction of at least one of a governmental regulation, industry standard, health standard, safety standard, and a contractual requirement.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein:
the subsequent operation is selected from synthesis of hydrochloric acid, synthesis of another acid, hydrolysis, electrolysis, an ion exchange operation; an osmotic separation process, a vaporization separation process, coagulation, other chemical separation process, centrifugation, filtration, sluicing, settling, flocculation, and another mechanical separation process, microwave separation, another microwave treatment, re-injection into a well, a geologic fracturing operation, blending with another material, reacting chemically with another material; and
the material comprises at least one of a dissolved solid, suspended solid, hydrocarbon, salt, heavy metal, other metal, volatile organic compound, other organic compound, oxide of nitrogen, other nitrogenous compound, alcohol, oxide of sulfur, other sulfurous compound, calcium compound, halide, other ion, acid, and base.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises:
providing modules for effecting the circuit, each of the modules implementing an instance of the circuit;
sizing a system to match a source of the material; and
providing the plurality of modules, operating together as the system, based on an output rate of the material from the source.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises:
providing modules for effecting the circuit;
assessing a source of the material;
designing a system comprising a plurality of the modules, based on the assessment; and
configuring the system by interconnecting the modules.
9. A method of separating a material dissolved in a working fluid in a liquid phase, the method comprising:
providing a circuit for vapor re-compression, including an evaporator passing the working fluid vertically in at least two phases;
providing a controller programmed to create and control a boundary between a nucleate boiling region and a non-boiling region in the evaporator by establishing and manipulating a concentration gradient of the material in the working fluid; and
separating a first portion of the working fluid from the material, the material remaining dissolved in a second portion of the working fluid, by operating the circuit under control of the controller.
10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
selecting a source of the working fluid, in a liquid phase; and
selecting as a contaminant to be separated, a substance naturally occurring in the working fluid.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the circuit comprises:
modules, constituted by physical components mutually interconnected to one another and supported by and secured to a base structure sized to be a commercially transportable in accordance with transportation limitations provided by regulation;
a connector corresponding to each module; and
the modules, being further inter-connectable to one another by the respective connectors to be operable together in a pre-determined configuration.
12. The method of claim 9 , further comprising establishing in a liquid phase of the working fluid the concentration gradient.
13. The method of claim 9 , further comprising establishing in the evaporator a vapor region containing a continuous expanse of the working fluid in a vapor phase containing any residual portion of the liquid phase as discontinuous, discrete quantities.
14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:
condensing, in a condenser within the circuit, from a portion of the working fluid received as the vapor phase from the evaporator, a condensate containing less than a pre-determined concentration of the material.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the method further comprises passing from the nucleate-boiling region a brine portion of the working fluid, having an increased concentration of the material compared to the working fluid when initially introduced into the circuit.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein at least one of the condensate and the vapor phase within the circuit is substantially devoid of the material.
17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising providing from one of the condensate, vapor, and brine portion a feedstock for a subsequent operation.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the feedstock provides at least one of:
a precursor for a chemical reaction in the subsequent unit operation;
a fluid having independent economic value in a first market;
a constituent, derivable from the working fluid, and having independent value in a second market;
the fluid reusable directly for recycling in a source process providing the carrier to the circuit;
an increased operational efficiency for a disposition process disposing of the feedstock;
reduction of environmental impact of the contaminant; and
improvement in a compliance process in satisfaction of at least one of a governmental regulation, industry standard, health standard, safety standard, and a contractual requirement.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the subsequent operation is selected from synthesis of hydrochloric acid, synthesis of another acid, hydrolysis, electrolysis, an ion exchange operation; an osmotic separation process, a vaporization separation process, coagulation, other chemical separation process, centrifugation, filtration, sluicing, settling, flocculation, and another mechanical separation process, microwave separation, another microwave treatment, re-injection into a well, a geologic fracturing operation, blending with another composition, reacting chemically with another composition.
20. The method of claim 9 , wherein the material comprises at least one of a dissolved solid, suspended solid, hydrocarbon, salt, heavy metal, other metal, volatile organic compound, other organic compound, oxide of nitrogen, other nitrogenous compound, alcohol, oxide of sulfur, other sulfurous compound, calcium compound, halide, other ion, acid, and base.