Additive manufacturing of metallic structures
In various embodiments, a three-dimensional metallic structure is fabricated in layer-by-layer fashion via deposition of discrete metal particles resulting from the passing of an electric current between a metal wire and an electrically conductive base or a previously deposited layer of particles.
1. An apparatus for printing at least a portion of a three-dimensional (3D) object, comprising:
an electrically conductive base for supporting the 3D object during printing;
a wire-feeding mechanism for dispensing wire over the electrically conductive base;
one or more mechanical actuators for controlling a relative position of the electrically conductive base and the wire-feeding mechanism;
a power supply for applying electrical current through the wire and the electrically conductive base while the wire is in electrical contact with the electrically conductive base or a layer of material of the wire previously dispensed over the electrically conductive base, which electrical current is sufficient to melt a portion of the wire; and
circuitry for (i) controlling the one or more mechanical actuators to adjust the relative position of the electrically conductive base and the wire-feeding mechanism, and (ii) using the power supply to apply electrical current through the wire and the electrically conductive base while the wire is in electrical contact with the electrically conductive base or the layer of material of the wire previously dispensed over the electrically conductive base, to generate heat sufficient to melt the portion of the wire, thereby printing the at least the portion of the 3D object adjacent to the electrically conductive base.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the circuitry comprises a computer-based controller for controlling at least one of the one or more mechanical actuators or the power supply.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the computer-based controller comprises a computer memory and a 3D rendering module, the computer memory storing a computational representation of a three-dimensional structure and the 3D rendering module extracting sets of data corresponding to successive layers from the computational representation, the controller causing the mechanical actuators and the power supply to form successive layers in accordance with the data.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising metal wire within the wire-feeding mechanism.
5. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the computer-based controller controls a porosity of the at least the portion of the 3D object during deposition.
6. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the computer-based controller regulates a contact resistance between the wire and the electrically conductive base or the layer of material of the wire previously dispensed over the electrically conductive base.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the circuitry, based at least in part on the contract resistance, controls the power of the power supply to apply electrical current through the wire while the wire is in electrical contact with the electrically conductive base or the layer of material of the wire previously dispensed over the electrically conductive base, to generate heat sufficient to melt the portion of the wire, thereby printing the at least the portion of the 3D object adjacent to the electrically conductive base.
8. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the computer-based controller regulates the contact resistance between the wire and the electrically conductive base or the layer of material of the wire previously dispensed over the electrically conductive base such that it is sufficient to yield Joule heating upon flow of the electrical current through the wire and the electrically conductive base.
9. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the computer-based controller directs deposition of additional portion(s) of the wire over to the electrically conductive base or the layer of the wire previously dispensed over the electrically conductive base by repeating (ii) one or more times.
10. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the computer-based controller directs an additional wire through the wire feeding mechanism and subjects the additional wire to heating, such that at least a portion of the additional wire deposits over the electrically conductive base or the layer of material of the wire previously dispensed over the electrically conductive base.
11. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the computer-based controller selects a size of the at least the portion of the 3D object by controlling a speed of retraction of the wire during printing.
12. The apparatus of claim 2 , further comprising a feedback control unit that measures a deposition parameter and/or characteristic of the portion of the wire, wherein the computer-based controller directs printing of the at least the portion of the 3D object in accordance with the deposition parameter and/or characteristic.
13. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the computer-based controller directs formation of a sacrificial raft structure prior to printing the at least the portion of the 3D object, which sacrificial raft structure (a) anchors the at least the portion of the 3D object to the electrically conductive base and (b) permits removal of the at least the portion of the 3D object from the electrically conductive base.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein subsequent to printing the at least the portion of the 3D object, the computer-based controller directs (i) removal of the sacrificial raft structure from the electrically conductive base, and (ii) separation of the sacrificial raft structure from the at least the portion of the 3D object.
15. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the computer-based controller selects at least one of a density and a porosity of the sacrificial raft structure such that it is less than that of the at least the portion of the 3D object.
16. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the computer-based controller selects a thickness of the sacrificial raft structure such that it is greater than a thickness of at least one layer of the 3D object.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the wire-feeding mechanism comprises an opening for directing the wire towards the electrically conductive base or the layer of material of the wire previously dispensed over the electrically conductive base.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the wire is directed from a spool through the opening.
19. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the wire-feeding mechanism dispenses a plurality of wires comprising the wire.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the plurality of wires comprises a plurality of different metals.
21. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the wire comprises one or more elements selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, copper, and aluminum.
22. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the electrical current is subjected to flow through the wire and the electrically conductive base using the power supply that is in electrical contact with the wire.
23. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the power supply is in electrical contact with (i) the wire through the wire-feeding mechanism and (ii) the electrically conductive base.
24. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein during use, the at least the portion of the 3D object is formed in response to heat arising from, at least in part, contact resistance between the wire and the electrically conductive base or the layer of material of the wire previously dispensed over the electrically conductive base.
25. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the circuitry uses the power supply to subject the wire to Joule heating, thereby printing the at least the portion of the 3D object adjacent to the electrically conductive base.