ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME
A secondary cell comprising a positive cathode electrode of capacity P (mAh) in communication with a liquid or gel electrolyte; an negative anode electrode of capacity N (mAh) in communication with the electrolyte; and a separator permeable to at least one mobile species which is redox-active at least one of the anode and the cathode; designed and constructed such that the anode capacity N is smaller than that of the cathode capacity P, hence N/P<0.9.
1 . A rechargeable electrochemical storage device, comprising:
an anode electrode comprising the metal form of the electro-active species, said rechargeable electrochemical storage device configured to electroplate metal at said anode electrode, said anode electrode comprising N/P<4 of electro-active material in the discharged state.
2 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , configured to charge to greater than or equal to 4.0 V.
3 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , configured to discharge to −2.5 V.
4 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , configured to charge and discharge at ≦10 C-rate of rated capacity.
5 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , configured to discharge and charge at temperatures in the range of −20° C. and 200° C.
6 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , configured to charge and discharge with >99.35% Coulombic efficiency.
7 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , configured to provide at least 80% of initial capacity for greater than 30 charging and discharging cycles.
8 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , wherein said negative electrode is configured to provide>1000 mAh/cc.
9 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , wherein said non-aqueous fluid electrolyte comprises at least one active cation selected from the group consisting of Mg ion, Al ion, Ca ion, Sr ion, Ba ion, Li ion, Na ion, K ion, Rb ion, Cs ion, and onium.
10 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , wherein said non-aqueous fluid electrolyte contains a symmetric or asymmetric aluminum-based or boron-based anion.
11 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , wherein said non-aqueous fluid electrolyte comprises a salt, or combination of salts in a concentration in the range of 0.5 M to saturated concentration.
12 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , wherein a pressure perpendicular to the interface of the positive and negative electrodes is greater than 0.06 MPa.
13 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , further comprising at least one gate electrode having a gate electrode electrical terminal, said gate electrode in communication with said non-aqueous fluid electrolyte and permeable to at least one mobile species which is redox-active at at least one of said positive electrode and said negative electrode, said gate electrode situated between said positive electrode and said negative electrode.
14 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , comprising a metal which is configured to plate onto said negative electrode during charging.
15 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , wherein said metal is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Li, and Na.
16 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , wherein a ratio defined by said capacity of said negative electrode divided by said capacity of said positive electrode is in a range selected from the ranges of zero to 0.40, zero to 0.80, zero to 1.2, zero to 1.6, zero to 2.0, zero to 2.4, zero to 2.8, zero to 3.2, and zero to 4.
17 . The rechargeable electrochemical storage device of claim 1 , wherein a ratio defined by said capacity of said negative electrode divided by said capacity of said positive electrode is in a range selected from the ranges of 0.20 to 0.40, 0.20 to 0.80, 0.20 to 1.2, 0.20 to 1.6, 0.20 to 2.0, 0.20 to 2.4, 0.20 to 2.8, 0.20 to 3.2, and 0.20 to 4.