Apparatus and methods for assisted breathing by transvascular nerve stimulation

1. A catheter, comprising:

an elongated tubular member having a plurality of lumens;

a plurality of proximal apertures in an exterior side wall of the elongated tubular member, wherein each aperture of the plurality of proximal apertures connects an interior of one of the plurality of lumens to an exterior of the elongated tubular member, the plurality of proximal apertures includes a first row of proximal apertures and a second row of proximal apertures, and each of the first and second rows of proximal apertures extends parallel to a longitudinal axis of the elongated tubular member;

a plurality of distal apertures in the exterior side wall of the elongated tubular member, wherein each aperture of the plurality of distal apertures is positioned distal to each aperture of the plurality of proximal apertures, each aperture of the plurality of distal apertures connects an interior of one of the plurality of lumens to the exterior of the elongated tubular member, the plurality of distal apertures includes a first row of distal apertures and a second row of distal apertures, and each of the first and second rows of distal apertures extends parallel to the longitudinal axis of the elongated tubular member; and

a plurality of electrodes, wherein each electrode is positioned in one of the plurality of lumens and is aligned with a corresponding aperture of the plurality of proximal apertures or the plurality of distal apertures;

wherein the first row of proximal apertures is positioned at a radial position different than a radial position of each of: the second row of proximal apertures, the first row of distal apertures, and the second row of distal apertures; and

wherein the second row of proximal apertures is positioned at a radial position different than a radial position of each of: the first row of distal apertures and the second row of distal apertures.

2. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein the first row of proximal apertures extends along a same length of the tubular body as the second row of proximal apertures.

3. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of electrodes include pairs of bipolar electrodes configured to stimulate a nerve.

4. The catheter of claim 3 , wherein activation of a pair of the bipolar electrodes creates an electrical field extending radially outwards from only a portion of a circumference of the catheter.

5. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the plurality of lumens is configured to receive at least one of a guidewire or fluid.

6. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of proximal apertures and each of the plurality of distal apertures corresponds to and is aligned with an electrode of the plurality of electrodes.

7. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of lumens includes a first lumen, a second lumen, a third lumen, and a fourth lumen.

8. The catheter of claim 7 , further comprising a first elongated electrode assembly positioned in the first lumen, a second elongated electrode assembly positioned in the second lumen, a third elongated electrode assembly positioned in the third lumen, and a fourth elongated electrode assembly positioned in the fourth lumen, wherein each of the electrode assemblies supports a portion of the plurality of electrodes.

9. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein the elongated tubular member is configured to be inserted into a venous system of a patient so that the proximal apertures are proximate a left phrenic nerve, and the distal apertures are proximate a right phrenic nerve.

10. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein each of the proximal and distal apertures is covered by a material that is configured to allow electrical signals to pass through.

11. The catheter of claim 1 , wherein a region of the elongated tubular body between the proximal apertures and the distal apertures is free of windows, and the region has a length greater than 8 cm.

12. The catheter of claim 1 , further comprising:

a plurality of electrode assemblies, each positioned in a corresponding lumen of the plurality of lumens, wherein each electrode assembly includes:

a plurality of elongated conductive members; and

a portion of the plurality of electrodes aligned along a same axis, each of the portion of the plurality of electrodes being coupled to a corresponding one of the plurality of elongated conductive members by a non-conductive covering,

wherein each of the portion of the plurality of electrodes is positioned in alignment with a corresponding aperture of the plurality of proximal apertures or the plurality of distal apertures.

13. The catheter of claim 8 , wherein each of the first, second, third, and fourth electrode assemblies includes a plurality of elongate conductive members each electrically coupled to a corresponding one electrode of the respective portion of the plurality of electrodes.

14. The catheter of claim 12 , wherein each of the non-conductive coverings coupling an electrode to the corresponding one of the plurality of elongated conductive members extends around the plurality of elongated conductive members of the corresponding electrode assembly.

15. The catheter of claim 12 , wherein each of the non-conductive coverings coupling an electrode to the corresponding one of the plurality of elongated conductive members extends around only the corresponding one of the plurality of elongated conductive members.

16. The catheter of claim 12 , wherein each of the non-conductive coverings coupling an electrode to the corresponding one of the plurality of elongated conductive members is coupled to the corresponding electrode and the corresponding elongated conductive member by a molding process.