Process and apparatus for converting greenhouse gases into synthetic fuels
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to apparatus and methods for converting carbon dioxide and/or methane into higher alkanes and hydrogen gas in a single reaction chamber using a catalyst and microwave radiation.
1. A method for simultaneously consuming carbon dioxide and generating one or more multiple-carbon reaction products, the method comprising:
(a) introducing a flow of a gaseous source of carbon dioxide into a reaction vessel;
(b) introducing a flow of a gaseous source of methane into the reaction vessel;
(c) introducing a flow of a gaseous source of water into the reaction vessel;
(d) irradiating a catalyst within the reaction vessel with microwave energy so as to heat the catalyst and drive one or more catalyzed reactions that result in consumption of at least a portion of the carbon dioxide and production of the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products;
(e) allowing a mixture that includes the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products to flow out of the reaction vessel; and
(f) separating at least a portion of the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products from the mixture that leaves the reaction vessel.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst includes one or more catalytic materials selected from a group consisting of cobalt, copper, nickel, one or more iron-containing compounds, one or more cobalt-containing compounds, one or more copper containing compounds, and one or more nickel-containing compounds.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst includes one or more of magnetite, pyrrhotite, or chalcopyrite.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein less carbon dioxide leaves the reaction vessel in the mixture than is introduced into the reaction vessel.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising recovering, from the mixture that leaves the reaction vessel, at least a portion of carbon dioxide present in that mixture, and reintroducing the recovered carbon dioxide into the reaction vessel.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst forms a packed or fluidized bed.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products are removed from the reaction vessel in a continuous process.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein a source of the microwave energy is powered by one or more non-carbon sources or by excess electrical capacity of an electric power plant.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein (i) the gaseous source of carbon dioxide includes flue gas or (ii) the gaseous source of methane comprises natural gas.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products includes one or more alkanes or one or more alkenes.
11. An apparatus for simultaneously consuming carbon dioxide and generating one or more multiple-carbon reaction products, the apparatus comprising:
(a) a reaction vessel containing a catalyst;
(b) one or more sources of gaseous methane connected so as to introduce gaseous methane into the reaction vessel;
(c) one or more sources of gaseous carbon dioxide connected so as to introduce gaseous carbon dioxide into the reaction vessel;
(d) one or more sources of gaseous water connected so as to introduce the gaseous water into the reaction vessel; and
(e) one or more sources of microwave energy connected so as to introduce microwave energy into the reaction vessel and irradiate the catalyst with the microwave energy,
wherein the reaction vessel is structurally arranged so as to:
(f) contain with the catalyst a reaction mixture of gaseous methane, carbon dioxide, and water from the respective sources thereof; and
(g) allow a mixture that includes one or more multiple-carbon reaction products to flow out of the reaction vessel, the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products resulting from one or more catalyzed reactions driven by heating of the catalyst by microwave irradiation thereof, the one or more catalyzed reactions also resulting in consumption of at least a portion of the carbon dioxide in the reaction mixture.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the catalyst includes one or more catalytic materials selected from a group consisting of cobalt, copper, nickel, one or more iron-containing compounds, one or more cobalt-containing compounds, one or more copper containing compounds, and one or more nickel-containing compounds.
13. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the catalyst includes one or more of magnetite, pyrrhotite, or chalcopyrite.
14. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein less carbon dioxide leaves the reaction vessel in the mixture than is introduced into the reaction vessel.
15. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the reaction chamber is structurally arranged so as to enable recovery, from the mixture that leaves the reaction vessel, of at least a portion of carbon dioxide present in that mixture, and reintroduction of the recovered carbon dioxide into the reaction vessel.
16. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the catalyst forms a packed or fluidized bed.
17. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products are removed from the reaction vessel in a continuous process.
18. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the microwave energy source is powered by one or more non-carbon sources or by excess electrical capacity of an electric power plant.
19. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein (i) the gaseous source of carbon dioxide includes flue gas or (ii) the gaseous source of methane comprises natural gas.
20. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products includes one or more alkanes or one or more alkenes.