Low-power biasing networks for superconducting integrated circuits
A superconducting integrated circuit, comprising a plurality of superconducting circuit elements, each having a variation in operating voltage over time; a common power line; and a plurality of bias circuits, each connected to the common power line, and to a respective superconducting circuit element, wherein each respective bias circuit is superconducting during at least one time portion of the operation of a respective superconducting circuit element, and is configured to supply the variation in operating voltage over time to the respective superconducting circuit element.
1. A biasing network for superconducting quantum flux circuits, comprising a plurality of parallel circuit branches, each branch comprising at least one Josephson junction circuit element and a bias element configured to control a bias current to the respective branch,
each bias element being independently selected from the group consisting of:
a bias resistor in series with the at least one Josephson junction circuit element, and substantially without a shunt resistor in parallel with the Josephson junction circuit element, the bias resistor being effective for critically damping the Josephson junction;
a superconducting inductor in series with the Josephson junction circuit element, the superconducting inductor having respective inductance L n such that the bias current of the respective branch I n is inversely proportional to L n where L n I n is greater than Φ 0 =h/2e=2 mA-pH; and
a bias Josephson junction in series with a superconducting inductor, in series with a critically damped Josephson junction circuit element, each bias Josephson junction J n in series with the superconducting inductor having a critical current I c equal to a desired bias current I n for the Josephson junction circuit element.
2. The biasing network according to claim 1 , wherein the bias element for at least one branch comprises the bias resistor in series with the at least one Josephson junction circuit element.
3. The biasing network according to claim 1 , wherein the bias element for at least one branch comprises the superconducting inductor in series with the at least one Josephson junction circuit element.
4. The biasing network according to claim 1 , wherein the bias element for at least one branch comprises the bias Josephson junction in series with a superconducting inductor, in series with a critically damped Josephson junction circuit element.
5. The biasing network according to claim 4 , wherein the bias Josephson junction in series with a superconducting inductor functions as a current limiter.
6. The biasing network according to claim 1 , wherein each bias element comprises the bias resistor which is configured to achieve critical damping of the at least one Josephson junction circuit element, substantially without a shunt resistor in parallel with the at least one Josephson junction circuit element.
7. The biasing network according to claim 1 , wherein each bias element comprises the superconducting inductor in series with the Josephson junction circuit element, and each bias element is substantially without resistive losses, and the value of the respective inductance L n of each respective superconducting inductor is selected such that the bias current of the given branch I n is inversely proportional to L n , where L n I n is much greater than Φ 0 =h/2e=2 mA-pH.
8. The biasing network according to claim 1 , wherein each bias element comprises a single node that exhibits a maximum average DC voltage V max , and at least one other node that exhibits a maximum average DC voltage V n <V max , each respective at least one other node each comprising a critically damped Josephson junction J n in series with the superconducting inductor L n .
9. The biasing network according to claim 8 , wherein the network is configured such that voltage V max causes the voltage across J n to assume a voltage such that the average voltage drop across J n is V max −V n .
10. A method for biasing a superconducting quantum flux circuit, comprising a plurality of parallel circuit branches, each branch comprising at least one Josephson junction circuit element and a bias element configured to control a bias current to the respective branch, method comprising:
providing a biasing network, each bias element being independently selected from the group consisting of:
a bias resistor in series with the at least one Josephson junction circuit element, and substantially without a shunt resistor in parallel with the Josephson junction circuit element, the bias resistor being effective for critically damping the Josephson junction;
a superconducting inductor in series with the Josephson junction circuit element, the superconducting inductor having respective inductance L n such that the bias current of the respective branch I n is inversely proportional to L n , where L n I n is greater than Φ 0 =h/2e=2 mA-pH; and
a bias Josephson junction in series with a superconducting inductor, in series with a critically damped Josephson junction circuit element, each bias Josephson junction J n in series with the superconducting inductor having a critical current I c equal to a desired bias current I n for the Josephson junction circuit element;
applying a voltage to the biasing network; and
generating an output of the superconducting quantum flux circuit.
11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the bias element for at least one branch comprises the bias resistor in series with the at least one Josephson junction circuit element.
12. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the bias element for at least one branch comprises the superconducting inductor in series with the at least one Josephson junction circuit element.
13. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the bias element for at least one branch comprises the bias Josephson junction in series with a superconducting inductor, in series with a critically damped Josephson junction circuit element.
14. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the bias Josephson junction in series with a superconducting inductor functions as a current limiter.
15. The method according to claim 10 , wherein each bias element comprises the bias resistor which critically damps the at least one Josephson junction circuit element, substantially without a shunt resistor in parallel with the at least one Josephson junction circuit element.
16. The method according to claim 10 , wherein each bias element comprises the superconducting inductor in series with the Josephson junction circuit element, and each bias element is substantially without resistive losses, and the value of the respective inductance L n of each respective superconducting inductor is selected such that the bias current of the given branch I n is inversely proportional to L n , where L n I n is much greater than Φ 0 =h/2e=2 mA-pH.
17. The method according to claim 10 , wherein each bias element comprises a single node that exhibits a maximum average DC voltage V max , and at least one other node that exhibits a maximum average DC voltage V n <V max , each respective at least one other node each comprising a Josephson junction J n in series with the superconducting inductor L n , further comprising critically damping each Josephson junction J n .
18. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the voltage V max causes the voltage across J n to assume a voltage of V max −V n .
19. A superconducting integrated circuit, comprising:
a plurality of superconducting Josephson junctions, each being biased below a critical current for the respective superconducting Josephson junction; and
a biasing network, configured to dynamically critically bias the plurality of superconducting Josephson junctions, while substantially isolating a dynamic bias state for each of the plurality of superconducting Josephson junctions,
wherein the plurality of superconducting Josephson junctions are configured to operate in a stable operating regime over a range of data sequences input to the superconducting integrated circuit and fed to the plurality of superconducting Josephson junctions.
20. The superconducting integrated circuit according to claim 19 , wherein the biasing network has a plurality of bias elements biasing respective superconducting Josephson junctions, each bias element being independently selected from the group consisting of:
a bias resistor in series with the at least one superconducting Josephson junction circuit, and substantially without a shunt resistor in parallel with the superconducting Josephson junction, the bias resistor being effective for critically damping the superconducting Josephson junction;
a superconducting inductor in series with the superconducting Josephson junction, the superconducting inductor having respective inductance L n such that the bias current of the respective branch I n is inversely proportional to L n where L n I n is greater than Φ 0 =h/2e=2 mA-pH; and
a bias Josephson junction in series with a superconducting inductor, in series with a critically damped superconducting Josephson junction, each bias Josephson junction J n in series with the superconducting inductor having a critical current I c equal to a desired bias current I n for the superconducting Josephson junction.
21. The superconducting integrated circuit of claim 20 , further comprising a data transmission circuit, comprising at least one of:
a clocked Josephson transmission line;
a passive transmission line with clocked transmitter and receiver circuits; and
an asynchronous Josephson transmission line that also provides voltage regulation.
22. The superconducting integrated circuit of claim 20 , comprising a plurality of circuit sections, whereby each section is voltage biased by a single flux quantum clock frequency, wherein the respective different sections operate at different clock speeds and are configured to be independently turned on and off.
23. The superconducting integrated circuit of claim 20 , wherein bias element comprises the superconducting inductor in series with the superconducting Josephson junction comprises at least one of:
two multi-turn inductors in series, wound in opposite directions to reduce stray magnetic flux; and
a series array of Josephson junctions, operating below the critical current.