High performance two-phase cooling apparatus
The present application discloses two-phase cooling devices that may include at least three substrates: a metal with a wicking structure, an intermediate substrate and a backplane. A fluid may be contained within the wicking structure and vapor cavity for transporting thermal energy from one region of the thermal ground plane to another region of the thermal ground plane, wherein the fluid may be driven by capillary forces within the wicking structure. The intermediate substrate may form narrow channels within the wicking structure, providing high capillary forces to support large pressure differences between the liquid and vapor phases, while minimizing viscous losses of the liquid flowing in the wicking structure.
1. A thermal ground plane, comprising:
a metal substrate comprising a plurality of microstructures formed in the metal substrate, forming a wicking structure having the plurality of microstructures;
a vapor cavity, in communication with the wicking structure and the plurality of microstructures;
at least one intermediate substrate with a plurality of protrusions, wherein the plurality of protrusions are directly coupled to each other by at least one cross-member disposed internal to the vapor cavity on the opposite side of the at least one intermediate substrate relative to the metal substrate, and wherein the plurality of protrusions is shaped to increase the effective aspect ratio of the wicking structure by fitting into the plurality of microstructures of the wicking structure in at least one region of the wicking structure; and
a fluid contained within the thermal ground plane for transporting thermal energy from at least one region of the thermal ground plane to another region of the thermal ground plane, wherein the fluid is driven by capillary forces in at least two orthogonal directions, along the microstructures and along the at least one cross member.
2. The thermal ground plane of claim 1 , further comprising a metal backplane, wherein the vapor cavity is enclosed by the metal substrate and the metal backplane.
3. The thermal ground plane of claim 2 , wherein the metal substrate is bonded to the metal backplane to form a hermetically-sealed vapor cavity.
4. The thermal ground plane of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of microstructures comprises a plurality of channels, and wherein the plurality of protrusions fits conformally into the plurality of channels of the wicking structure.
5. The thermal ground plane of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of microstructures has a characteristic dimension of 1-1000 micrometers.
6. The thermal ground plane of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of microstructures on the intermediate substrate are interleaved with at least one region of the wicking structure to form high effective aspect ratio wicking structures, in at least one region of the thermal ground plane.
7. The thermal ground plane of claim 1 , wherein the at least one intermediate substrate is in close proximity to the wicking structure, isolating a liquid phase and a vapor phase, in at least one region of the thermal ground plane.
8. The thermal ground plane of claim 5 , wherein the at least one intermediate substrate is comprised of at least one opening, wherein the opening is substantially larger than said microstructures, so the wicking structure and vapor chamber are in direct communication, in at least one region of the thermal ground plane.
9. The thermal ground plane of claim 2 , wherein the backplane further comprises standoffs that in combination with the intermediate substrate and the metal substrate, structurally support the thermal ground plane.
10. The thermal ground plane of claim 2 , wherein the substrate, the at least one intermediate substrate and the backplane comprise titanium.
11. The thermal ground plane of claim 10 , wherein the titanium substrate is connected to the titanium backplane by a laser weld, to form a hermetically-sealed vapor cavity.
12. The thermal ground plane of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of protrusions fit conformally into the wicking structure, to form narrow fluid passages through which the fluid is driven by capillary forces.
13. The thermal ground plane of claim 12 , wherein the protrusions are shaped to fit into features in the wicking structure.
14. The thermal ground plane of claim 6 , wherein the effective aspect ratio h/w of the fluid channel between the wicking channel and the intermediate substrate is greater than 1, wherein h is the effective height and w is the width of the fluid channel.
15. The thermal ground plane of claim 1 , wherein the microstructures comprise at least one of channels, pillars, grooves and trenches.
16. The thermal ground plane of claim 1 , wherein a surface of at least one region of the thermal ground plane is comprised of nanostructured titania (NST).
17. The thermal ground plane of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the microstructures have a height of between about 1-1000 micrometers, a width of between about 1-1000 micrometers, and a spacing of between about 1-1000 micrometers.
18. The thermal ground plane of claim 1 , wherein the thermal ground plane has an evaporator region, an adiabatic region, and a condenser region, and wherein the intermediate substrate has a different topography in the evaporator region relative to an adiabatic region.