Crack arrestor
A crack arrestor apparatus and method for making same by applying layers of a composite material of non-metallic fibers and resin around a length of pipe; the fibers generally aligned with the pipe circumference. The applied layers have a thicker portion in the middle and a thinner portion on the ends. Part of the pipe covered by the thicker portion is then yielded by application of radial force past the elastic limit of the pipe, thereby creating circumferential tension on the composite. At least a portion of the composite remains in circumferential tension upon release of the radial force. The residual stresses in the yielded metal pipe assist to arrest crack propagation. Thereby, the process to arrest a crack in a metal pipe includes maintaining circumferential tension in a composite residing around the pipe while maintaining compressive circumferential residual stress on the metal pipe covered by the composite.
1. A process for arresting a crack in a pipe, the process comprising:
maintaining circumferential tension in a composite material wherein the composite material resides around a metal pipe; and
maintaining compressive circumferential residual stress on the pipe with the composite material.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the composite material is non-metallic fibers and resin.
3. A method for making a crack arrestor, the method comprising:
disposing a composite material around a length of pipe;
wherein the composite material comprises non-metallic fibers and resin;
wherein the disposed composite material comprises fibers aligned to the pipe circumference;
applying radial force inside the pipe, the radial force applied yielding the pipe past the elastic limit of the pipe and creating circumferential tension on at least a portion of the composite material; and
wherein at least a portion of the composite material remains in circumferential tension upon release of the applied radial force.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein a mechanical or hydraulic pipe expander yields the pipe past the elastic limit of the pipe.
5. The method of claim 3 wherein the composite material remaining in tension is bounded along the axis of the pipe by disposed composite material tapered in thickness from the thickness of the said composite material remaining in tension.
6. A crack arrestor comprising:
a metal pipe having a length and an outer surface wherein a portion of the length of the metal pipe is comprised of yielded metal;
a composite material having a first thickness in circumferential tension disposed circumferentially around the outer surface of the yielded metal portion of the metal pipe and having a second thickness disposed circumferentially around the outer surface of the metal pipe axially adjacent to the yielded metal portion; and
wherein the second thickness is less than the first thickness.
7. The crack arrestor of claim 6 wherein the second thickness decreasingly tapers in thickness from the first thickness in the axial direction away from the yielded metal portion.
8. The crack arrestor of claim 6 wherein the second thickness decreasingly tapers step-wise in thickness from the first thickness in the axial direction away from the yielded metal portion.
9. The crack arrestor of claim 6 wherein the composite material is non-metallic fibers and resin.
10. The crack arrestor of claim 6 wherein the axial length of the first composite material thickness is at least one-half pipe diameter.
11. A crack arrestor comprising:
means for maintaining circumferential tension in a composite material wherein the composite material resides around a metal pipe; and
means for maintaining compressive circumferential residual stress on the pipe with the composite material.