Metabolic markers of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Disclosed herein are methods for treating subjects having ADHD identifiable by levels of 3-IS in blood.
1. A method of measuring an increase in 3-Indoxyl Sulfate (3-IS) in a human subject suspected of having or observed to have atypical development for determination of the presence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the method comprising:
obtaining a blood sample from the subject;
measuring a 3-IS level in the sample by mass spectrometry;
and determining that the subject has ADHD when the measured 3 -IS level in the blood sample is higher than a reference level, wherein the reference level is a level of 3-IS derived from subjects who do not have ADHD.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reference level of 3-IS is 14 μM.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reference level of 3-IS is 457 μg/L.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the 3-IS level in the sample is at least 1 fold higher than the reference level.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the 3-IS level in the sample is at least 1.5 higher than the reference level.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the 3-IS level in the sample is at least 2 fold higher than the reference level.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the 3-IS level in the sample is at least 2.5 fold higher than the reference level.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the 3 -IS level in the subject is at least 3 fold higher than the reference level.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the 3-IS level in the sample is at least 4 fold higher than the reference level.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has been identified by a medical practitioner as displaying atypical behavior prior to the measuring step.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is 5 years old or less.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is 3 years old or less.