Beta-glucosidase enzymes for increased biomass saccharification
Described herein are beta-glucosidase enzymes that have improved beta-glucosidase activity compared to a control beta-glucosidase enzyme. The improved beta-glucosidase enzymes are useful for converting a cellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars such as glucose. Also described are isolated polynucleotides that encode polypeptides having improved beta-glucosidase activity, expression cassettes for expressing the improved beta-glucosidase polypeptides, and cells, such as yeast cells, transformed with the expression cassettes.
1. An improved beta-glucosidase comprising a polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14, and having improved beta-glucosidase activity compared to a control beta-glucosidase comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the improved beta-glucosidase comprises one or more amino acids selected from:
(a) an amino acid other than T at a position corresponding to position 66 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(b) an amino acid other than L at a position corresponding to position 70 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(c) an amino acid other than G at a position corresponding to position 136 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(d) an amino acid other than I at a position corresponding to position 139 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(e) an amino acid other than L at a position corresponding to position 167 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(f) an amino acid other than Q at a position corresponding to position 250 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(g) an amino acid other than A at a position corresponding to position 286 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(h) an amino acid other than Y at a position corresponding to position 363 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(i) an amino acid other than Y at a position corresponding to position 375 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(j) an amino acid other than E at a position corresponding to position 376 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(k) an amino acid other than Y at a position corresponding to position 610 of SEQ ID NO:2; and
(l) an amino acid other than N at a position corresponding to position 791 of SEQ ID NO:2.
2. The improved beta-glucosidase of claim 1 , wherein the improved beta-glucosidase comprises one or more amino acids selected from:
(a) an isoleucine at a position corresponding to position 66 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(b) a serine at a position corresponding to position 70 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(c) a cysteine at a position corresponding to position 136 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(d) a phenylalanine at a position corresponding to position 139 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(e) a methionine at a position corresponding to position 167 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(f) a leucine at a position corresponding to position 250 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(g) an aspartic acid at a position corresponding to position 286 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(h) a cysteine at a position corresponding to position 363 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(i) a phenylalanine at a position corresponding to position 375 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(j) a lysine at a position corresponding to position 376 of SEQ ID NO:2;
(k) a phenylalanine at a position corresponding to position 610 of SEQ ID NO:2; and
(l) an isoleucine at a position corresponding to position 791 of SEQ ID NO:2.
3. A method for converting a cellulose-containing biomass feedstock into a sugar, the method comprising treating the biomass with the improved beta-glucosidase of claim 1 , or with a cell that expresses the improved beta-glucosidase of claim 1 .
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the cellulose-containing biomass feedstock comprises cellobiose, and the improved beta-glucosidase increases the conversion of cellobiose to glucose in the presence of higher concentrations of glucose as compared to a control beta-glucosidase comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the improved beta-glucosidase increases the conversion of cellobiose to glucose in the presence of 10-15% w/v glucose.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the improved beta-glucosidase has improved kinetic properties compared to the control beta-glucosidase.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the improved kinetic properties are selected from increased catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km/min), increased maximum velocity (Vmax), and increased turnover number (Kcat/min).
8. The method of claim 3 , further comprising fermenting the sugar to ethanol.
9. The method of claim 3 , wherein the cell is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
10. The method of claim 3 , wherein the cellulose-containing biomass feedstock is a woody material.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the woody material is cellulosic or lignocellulosic plant material selected from the group consisting of orchard prunings, chaparral, mill waste, urban wood waste, municipal waste, logging waste, forest thinnings, short-rotation woody crops, and industrial waste.
12. The method of claim 3 , wherein the cellulose-containing biomass feedstock is a non-woody material.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the non-woody material is selected from the group consisting of gramineous agricultural residue, wheat straw, oat straw, rice straw, barley straw, rye straw, flax straw, sugar cane, corn stover, corn stalks, corn cobs, corn husks, prairie grass, switchgrass, gamagrass, foxtail, sugar beet pulp, citrus fruit pulp, seed hulls, cellulosic animal wastes, lawn clippings, seaweed, bagasse, energy cane, and giant reed.
14. The method of claim 3 , wherein the cellulose-containing biomass feedstock is corn grain, barley grain, milo grain, wheat grain or rice grain.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the improved beta-glucosidase comprises a phenylalanine at a position corresponding to position 139 of SEQ ID NO:2, and an aspartic acid at a position corresponding to position 286 of SEQ ID NO:2.