Quinone and hydroquinone based flow battery
The invention provides an electrochemical cell based on a new chemistry for a flow battery for large scale, e.g., gridscale, electrical energy storage. Electrical energy is stored chemically in quinone molecules having multiple oxidation states, e.g., three or more. During charging of the battery, the quinone molecules at one electrode are oxidized by emitting electrons and protons, and the quinone molecules at the other electrode are reduced by accepting electrons and protons. These reactions are reversed to deliver electrical energy. The invention also provides additional high and low potential quinones that are useful in rechargeable batteries.
1. A rechargeable battery comprising first and second electrodes, wherein in its charged state, the battery comprises an oxidized form of a quinone having three or more oxidation states dissolved or suspended in aqueous solution in contact with the first electrode and a reduced form of the quinone having three or more oxidation states dissolved or suspended in aqueous solution in contact with the second electrode, wherein during discharge the oxidized form of the quinone is reduced at the first electrode and the reduced form of the quinone is oxidized at the second electrode.
2. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 , wherein the quinone is a water-soluble anthraquinone.
3. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrodes are separated by an ion conducting barrier.
4. The rechargeable battery of claim 3 , wherein the barrier is a porous physical barrier or a size exclusion barrier.
5. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 , wherein the quinone is of the formula:
wherein each of R 1 -R 8 is independently selected from H, optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, optionally substituted C 1-6 alkoxy, SO 3 H, amino, nitro, carboxyl, phosphoryl, phosphonyl, thiol, carboxyl, optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl ester, optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl thio, and oxo, or an ion thereof.
6. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 , wherein the quinone is selected from the group consisting of:
or an ion thereof.
7. The rechargeable battery of claim 1 , further comprising reservoirs for the oxidized and reduced forms of the quinone dissolved or suspended in aqueous solution and a mechanism to circulate the solutions.
8. A method for storing electrical energy comprising applying a voltage across the first and second electrodes and charging a battery of claim 1 .
9. A method for providing electrical energy by connecting a load to the first and second electrodes and allowing a battery of claim 1 to discharge.