Improvements relating to particle characterisation
A particle characterization apparatus is disclosed comprising: a light source; a sample cell; a collecting lens and a detector. The light source is operable to illuminate a sample comprising dispersed particles within the sample cell with a light beam along a light beam axis. The light beam axis passes through a first wall of the sample cell, through the sample, and through a second wall of the sample cell, so as to produce scattered light by interactions with the sample. The detector is configured to detect light scattered from the sample. The second wall of the sample cell comprises a lens with a convex external surface through which the light beam axis passes. The collecting lens is arranged to collect and focus scattered light leaving the sample cell onto the detector, and comprises an aspheric surface.
1. A particle characterization apparatus comprising:
a light source; a sample cell; a collecting lens comprising an open region; and a detector; wherein:
the light source is operable to illuminate a sample comprising dispersed particles within the sample cell with a light beam along a light beam axis, the light beam axis passing through a first wall of the sample cell, through the sample, and through a second wall of the sample cell, so as to produce scattered light by interactions with the sample;
the detector is configured to detect light scattered from the sample;
the second wall of the sample cell comprises a lens with a convex external surface through which the light beam axis passes; and
the collecting lens is arranged to collect and focus scattered light leaving the sample cell onto the detector and is arranged so that un-scattered light from the light beam passes through the open region without being reflected or refracted by the collecting lens, and comprises an aspheric surface.
2. The particle characterisation apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is configured such that the light beam axis does not pass through the aspheric surface.
3. The particle characterisation apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the detector comprises a planar detector, and the aspheric surface of the collecting lens is configured to reduce field curvature at the planar detector.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the plane of the planar detector is substantially normal to the light beam axis.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the detector is arranged to detect light scattered from the sample at a range of angles to the light beam axis, the range of angles comprising a minimum scattering angle of 30 degrees or less, and a maximum scattering angle of 50 degrees or more.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the detector comprises an array of detector elements.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the collecting lens has an optical axis, and the collecting lens is arranged with its optical axis substantially coincident with the light beam axis.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the collecting lens is substantially sector shaped, when viewed along the optical axis of the lens.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the collecting lens is configured to focus light scattered from the sample on the detector with a point spread function that has a radial extent and a tangential extent, wherein the tangential extent is at least a factor of two greater than the radial extent.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first wall of the sample cell comprises a lens with a convex external surface, and the first wall is arranged to collimate the light beam in the sample.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second cell wall comprises a doublet lens.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a processor configured to distinguish light scattered from bubbles in the sample from light scattered from particles in the sample based on the output of the detector.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the processor is configured to determine periods of time when the detector is detecting light that includes light scattered from a bubble in the sample.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a second detector arranged to detect light scattered from the sample at angles of greater than 90 degrees to the light beam axis, wherein the second detector is substantially normal to the light beam axis.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 , further comprising a second collecting lens, arranged to collect and focus light scattered from the sample at angles of greater than 90 degrees to the light beam axis onto the second detector, wherein the second lens has a lens axis, and the second lens is arranged with its lens axis substantially coincident with the light beam axis.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 , comprising a detector element that is arranged to detect light scattered from the sample that passes through the second cell wall, but does not pass through the collecting lens, the detector element being substantially planar and substantially normal to the light beam axis.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the detector element is part of the detector.
18. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the detector element is part of a further detector.