Polyurethane foam and process for producing same

1. A nanocellular polyurethane, polyisocyanurate or polyurea foam obtained from the reaction of a mixture comprising:

A) an isocyanate-reactive compound (“NCO-reactive compound”);

B) a blowing agent selected from the group comprising linear, branched or cyclic C1- to C6-hydrocarbons, linear, branched or cyclic C1- to C6-(hydro)fluorocarbons, N 2 , 0 2 , argon and/or CO 2 , wherein the blowing agent B) is in the supercritical or near-critical state;

C) a polyisocyanate;

D) an amphiphilic isocyanate having an HLB value of 3 to 16, a hydrophobic portion comprising a radical of an alcohol comprising a monohydric alcohol having a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain having at least 4 carbon atoms, and a hydrophilic portion comprising a radical of an alcohol comprising a monofunctional polyalkylene oxide; and

E) optionally a surfactant; and

F) optionally further auxiliary/added substances,

wherein the blowing agent B) is stabilized in a microemulsion with component D).

2. The polyurethane, polyisocyanurate or polyurea foam as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the proportion of the amphiphilic isocyanate is 5 to 70 wt % based on the weight of the overall composition.

3. The polyurethane, polyisocyanurate or polyurea foam as claimed in claim 1 , wherein some or all of component A) is component A 2) which comprises a hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part and has an average hydroxyl functionality of more than 1,

wherein the hydrophobic part comprises a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain having at least 6 carbon atoms and

wherein the hydrophilic part comprises alkylene oxide units and/or ester units.

4. The polyurethane, polyisocyanurate or polyurea foam as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the polyisocyanate component C) comprises monomeric and/or polymeric diphenylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate.

5. The polyurethane, polyisocyanurate or polyurea foam as claimed in claim 1 having an apparent density of >20 kg/m 3 to <160 kg/m 3 .

6. A process for producing a polyurethane, polyisocyanurate or polyurea foam as claimed in claim 1 , comprising the steps of:

introducing the mixture comprising the components A), B), C), D) and optionally E) and optionally F) wherein some or all of component B) is provided in the amphiphilic isocyanate D) or in a mixture of isocyanate components C) and D) into a closed mold, wherein the closed mold is set up such that its internal volume and/or the pressure prevailing in its interior can be changed by external agency after the mixture has been introduced;

dwelling the mixture comprising components A), B), C), D), and optionally E) and optionally F) in the closed mold for a predetermined duration of >0 seconds; and

increasing the inner volume of the closed mold and/or reducing the pressure prevailing in the interior of the closed mold by external agency.

7. The process for producing a polyurethane, polyisocyanurate or polyurea foam as claimed in claim 1 , comprising the steps of:

providing a mixture of compounds A), B) C), D) and optionally E) and optionally F) as is described in claim 1 under elevated pressure; and

discharging the mixture, wherein during discharging the pressure prevailing in the mixture is reduced to atmospheric pressure.

8. The process as claimed in claim 6 , wherein some of component B) is provided in the NCO-reactive compound A) comprising a component A2).