Microwave absorbing composite for turbine blade applications
The invention provides a composite laminate comprising an outer, an intermediate and an inner section comprising, respectively, first layers of composite material and one or more functional layers having a printed circuit for absorbing the electromagnetic radiation incident on the composite laminate; second layers of composite material; a conducting layer contiguous to the intermediate section and third layers of composite material. The values of the resistivity of the functional layer and the thickness of the intermediate section are comprised in predefined ranges for the attenuation of the reflection of electromagnetic radiation of the composite laminate in the S or X bands up to a peak of −20 dB. The invention also refers to manufacturing methods of the composite laminate ( 11 ) and to wind turbine blades including the composite laminate.
1. A composite laminate ( 11 ) comprising:
an outer section ( 15 ) comprising a plurality of first layers ( 21 ) of composite material and at least one functional layer ( 31 ) having a printed circuit for absorbing the electromagnetic radiation incident on the composite laminate ( 11 );
an intermediate section ( 17 ) comprising a plurality of second layers ( 23 ) of composite material;
an inner section ( 19 ) comprising a conducting layer ( 41 ) contiguous to and in contact with the intermediate section ( 17 ) and a plurality of third layers ( 25 ) of composite material;
wherein each of the plurality of first, second and third layers comprises fibers and a resin, and wherein the values of the resistivity of the at least one functional layer ( 31 ) and the thickness of the intermediate section ( 17 ) are comprised in predefined ranges to achieve a desired attenuation of the reflection of electromagnetic radiation of the composite laminate ( 11 ) in an S or X band up to a peak of −20 dB.
2. The composite laminate ( 11 ) of claim 1 , wherein:
the resin of the composite material of the first, second and third layers ( 21 , 23 , 25 ) is a polymer or an epoxy material;
the resistivity of the functional layer ( 31 ) is comprised between 40-60 Ω/sq and the thickness of the intermediate section ( 17 ) is comprised between 9-11 mm.
3. The composite laminate ( 11 ) of claim 2 , wherein the thickness of the intermediate section ( 17 ) is comprised between 10-11 mm.
4. The composite laminate ( 11 ) of claim 3 , wherein the fibers of the composite material of the first, second and third layers ( 21 , 23 , 25 ) are glass fibers or carbon fibers.
5. A wind turbine blade having at least one component made with the composite laminate of claim 4 .
6. A wind turbine blade having at least one component made with the composite laminate of claim 3 .
7. The composite laminate ( 11 ) of claim 2 , wherein the intermediate section ( 17 ) comprises ceramic particles ( 29 ) incorporated within it.
8. The composite laminate of claim 7 , wherein the ceramic particles ( 29 ) are silica particles of sizes ranging between 20-500 nm.
9. A wind turbine blade having at least one component made with the composite laminate of claim 8 .
10. A wind turbine blade having at least one component made with the composite laminate of claim 7 .
11. A wind turbine blade having at least one component made with the composite laminate of claim 2 .
12. A wind turbine blade having at least one component made with the composite laminate of claim 1 .
13. The wind turbine blade of claim 12 wherein said component is a shell of the blade.
14. A method for manufacturing the composite laminate according to claim 1 , comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a plurality of first pre-preg layers, second pre-preg layers and third pre-preg layers, wherein each of the plurality of first, second and third pre-preg layers comprises fibers and a resin;
(b) assembling the first, second and third pre-preg layers, the at least one functional layer and the conducting layer into an ensemble comprising the outer section and the inner section sandwiching the intermediate section with the plurality of the first pre-preg layers and the at least one functional layer in the outer section, the plurality of second pre-preg layers in the intermediate section, the plurality of third pre-preg layers and the conducting layer in the inner section and with the conducting layer contiguous to the intermediate section; and
(c) subjecting the ensemble to a cycle of pressure and temperature to consolidate the composite laminate.
15. The method according to claim 14 , comprising controlling a number layers in the intermediate section to achieve the desired attenuation of the reflection of electromagnetic radiation of the composite laminate.
16. The method according to claim 15 , comprising incorporating ceramic nanoparticles into the plurality of second layers in the intermediate section to reduce a distance between the functional layer and the conducting layer necessary to achieve the desired attenuation of the reflection of electromagnetic radiation of the composite laminate.
17. The method according to claim 15 , comprising incorporating a second functional layer into the outer section such that the composite laminate obtains the attenuation over a broader spectrum of frequencies.
18. A method for manufacturing the composite laminate according to claim 1 , comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a plurality of first dry layers, second dry layers and third dry layers, wherein each of the plurality of first, second and third dry layers comprises fibers;
(b) assembling the first, second and third dry layers, the at least one functional layer and the conducting layer into an ensemble comprising the outer section and the inner section sandwiching the intermediate section with the plurality of the first dry layers and the at least one functional layer in the outer section, the plurality of second dry layers in the intermediate section, the plurality of third dry layers and the conducting layer in the inner section and with the conducting layer contiguous to the intermediate section;
(c) infusing resin into the first, second and third dry layers; and
(d) subjecting the ensemble to a cycle of pressure and temperature to consolidate the composite laminate.
19. The method according to claim 18 , comprising controlling a number layers in the intermediate section to achieve the desired attenuation of the reflection of electromagnetic radiation of the composite laminate.
20. The method according to claim 18 , comprising incorporating ceramic nanoparticles into the plurality of second layers in the intermediate section to reduce a distance between the functional layer and the conducting layer necessary to achieve the desired attenuation of the reflection of electromagnetic radiation of the composite laminate.
21. The method according to claim 18 , comprising incorporating a second functional layer into the outer section such that the composite laminate obtains the attenuation over a broader spectrum of frequencies.