High-temperature, high pressure acoustic resonance cell
A compact, rugged and portable measurement cell design for the determination of sound speed in fluids at temperatures up to 250° C. and pressures up to 3,000 psi is described. Swept Frequency Acoustic Interferometry measurement for liquid sound speed determinations in liquids up to 250° C. is of both fundamental interest, as in the case of basic equations of state, and applied interest, such as for characterizing geothermal or petroleum down hole environments. Representative sound speeds for water, as a function of temperature and pressure, are in agreement with an internationally accepted standard for the sound speed of water.
1. A high-temperature, high-pressure acoustic resonance cell, comprising:
a first piezoelectric transducer;
a first enclosure effective for protecting said first transducer from mechanically and chemically harsh environments, said first enclosure having a first side with a flat exterior surface and a flat interior surface parallel thereto, and wherein said first transducer is acoustically coupled to the interior surface of the first side;
a second piezoelectric transducer;
a second enclosure effective for protecting said second transducer from mechanically and chemically harsh environments, said second enclosure having a second side with a flat exterior surface and a flat interior surface parallel thereto, wherein said second transducer is acoustically coupled to the interior surface of the second side, and wherein the exterior surface of the first side of said first enclosure and the exterior surface of the second side of said second enclosure are parallel and spaced apart a selected distance, forming thereby a volume;
a spacer member for establishing and maintaining the selected distance and parallel disposition of the first side and the second side, wherein the volume, when filled with a fluid, performs as an acoustic resonance cavity;
a signal generator for supplying a continuous wave electrical signal having a swept frequency over a frequency range encompassing at least two resonant frequencies of the fluid-filled volume to said first piezoelectric transducer;
a signal gain and phase analyzer for receiving electrical signals from said second transducer; and
a processor for processing the received electrical signals from said signal gain and phase analyzer, and for controlling said signal generator.
2. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 1 , wherein said first transducer and said second transducer comprise high-temperature transducers.
3. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 2 , wherein said first transducer and said second transducer are chosen from lithium niobate and lead zirconium titanate piezoelectric transducers.
4. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 1 , wherein said first transducer is acoustically coupled to the interior surface of the first side of said first enclosure using high-temperature acoustic coupling epoxy and said second transducer is acoustically coupled to the interior surface of the second side of said second enclosure using high-temperature acoustic coupling epoxy.
5. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 1 , wherein said spacer member comprises at least one spacer adapted to permit fluids to freely flow through the volume, whereby pressure of the fluid in the volume is the same as pressure of the fluid outside of the volume.
6. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 5 , wherein speed of sound and sound absorption in the fluid is measured.
7. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 1 , further comprising a filter/mesh cage surrounding said first enclosure, said second enclosure and said spacer member, for keeping particulate matter out of the volume.
8. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 1 , wherein the chosen time-varying electrical signal to said first piezoelectric transducer is chosen from sinusoidal and periodic square-wave signals.
9. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 8 , wherein the chosen time-varying electrical signal is swept over a selected frequency range.
10. A high-temperature, high-pressure acoustic resonance cell, comprising:
a piezoelectric transducer;
an enclosure effective for protecting said transducer from mechanically and chemically harsh environments, said enclosure having a first side with a flat exterior surface and a flat interior surface parallel thereto, and wherein said transducer is acoustically coupled to the interior surface of the first side;
a flat reflecting surface, wherein the exterior surface of the first side of said enclosure and the reflecting surface are parallel and spaced apart a selected distance, forming thereby a volume;
a spacer for establishing and maintaining the selected distance and parallel disposition of the first side and the reflecting surface, wherein the volume, when filled with fluid, performs as an acoustic resonance cavity;
a signal generator for supplying a continuous wave electrical signal having a swept frequency over a frequency range encompassing at least two resonant frequencies of the fluid-filled volume to said first piezoelectric transducer;
an impedance analyzer for measuring the electrical impedance of said transducer responsive to standing waves set up in the volume; and
a processor for processing the measured electrical impedance of said transducer, and for controlling said signal generator.
11. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 10 , wherein said transducer comprises a high-temperature transducer.
12. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 11 , wherein said transducer is chosen from lithium niobate and lead zirconium titanate piezoelectric transducers.
13. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 10 , wherein said transducer is acoustically coupled to the interior surface of the first side of said enclosure using high-temperature acoustic coupling epoxy.
14. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 10 , wherein said spacer member comprises at least one spacer adapted to permit fluids to freely flow through the volume, whereby pressure of the fluid in the volume is the same as pressure of the fluid outside of the volume.
15. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 14 , wherein speed of sound and sound absorption in the fluid is measured.
16. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 10 , further comprising a filter/mesh cage surrounding said enclosure and said spacer member, for keeping particulate matter out of the volume.
17. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 10 , wherein the chosen time-varying electrical signal to said first piezoelectric transducer is chosen from sinusoidal and periodic square-wave signals.
18. The acoustic resonance cell of claim 17 , wherein the chosen time-varying electrical signal is swept over a selected frequency range.