Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) ultrasonic transducers and methods for forming the same
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) ultrasonic transducers (CUTs) and methods for forming CUTs are described. The CUTs may include monolithically integrated ultrasonic transducers and integrated circuits for operating in connection with the transducers. The CUTs may be used in ultrasound devices such as ultrasound imaging devices and/or high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) devices.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a semiconductor wafer having a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit;
a conductive membrane bonded with the semiconductor wafer to form a bonded structure such that a sealed cavity exists between a bonding surface of the semiconductor wafer and a first side of the conductive membrane, the conductive membrane having a second side distal from the bonding surface of the semiconductor wafer; and
a conductive standoff on the first side of the conductive membrane proximate the bonding surface of the semiconductor wafer such that a surface of the conductive standoff forms an interface between the first side of the conductive membrane and the bonding surface, wherein the conductive standoff connects the conductive membrane to the CMOS integrated circuit, and
wherein the bonded structure lacks an electrode that is on the second side of the conductive membrane and that overlies the cavity.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the conductive membrane is a doped silicon layer.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the conductive standoff forms a closed contour surrounding the cavity.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the conductive standoff is formed of titanium nitride (TiN).
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the conductive standoff is formed of a metal.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the conductive membrane has a thickness less than thirty microns.
7. A method, comprising:
bonding a transfer wafer to a semiconductor wafer to form a bonded structure with a sealed cavity, the semiconductor wafer having a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit; and
removing at least a portion of the transfer wafer to define a conductive membrane from a remaining portion of the transfer wafer, wherein the sealed cavity is between a bonding surface of the semiconductor wafer and a first side of the conductive membrane, the conductive membrane having a second side distal from the bonding surface of the semiconductor wafer;
wherein a conductive standoff is disposed on the first side of the conductive membrane proximate the bonding surface of the semiconductor wafer such that a surface of the conductive standoff forms an interface between the first side of the conductive membrane and the bonding surface, wherein the conductive standoff connects the conductive membrane to the CMOS integrated circuit; and
wherein the bonded structure lacks an electrode that is on the second side of the conductive membrane and that overlies the cavity.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the conductive membrane is a doped silicon layer.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the conductive standoff forms a closed contour surrounding the cavity.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the conductive standoff is formed of titanium nitride (TiN).
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the conductive standoff is formed of a metal.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the conductive membrane has a thickness less than thirty microns.
13. A method, comprising:
forming a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit on a semiconductor wafer;
forming a conductive standoff on the semiconductor wafer;
bonding a transfer wafer having at least one conductive layer to the conductive standoff of the semiconductor wafer, and removing at least a portion of the transfer wafer to form:
a bonded structure having a conductive membrane defined at least in part by the at least one conductive layer; and
a sealed cavity between a bonding surface of the semiconductor wafer and a first side of the conductive membrane, the conductive membrane having a second side distal from the bonding surface of the semiconductor wafer;
wherein the conductive standoff is on the first side of the conductive membrane and wherein a surface of the conductive standoff forms an interface between the first side of the conductive membrane and the bonding surface, wherein the conductive standoff connects the conductive membrane to the CMOS integrated circuit; and
wherein the bonded structure lacks an electrode that is on the second side of the conductive membrane and that overlies the cavity.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the at least one conductive layer of the transfer wafer comprises doped silicon layer.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the conductive standoff forms a closed contour surrounding the cavity.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein forming the conductive standoff comprises forming the conductive standoff from titanium nitride (TiN).
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein forming the conductive standoff comprises forming the conductive standoff from a metal.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the conductive membrane has a thickness less than thirty microns.