Immuno-oncolytic therapies
The present invention relates to oncolytic vaccinia viruses which have been modified to promote anti-tumor immunity and/or reduce host immunity and/or antibody response against the virus. It is based, at least in part, on the discovery that oncolytic vaccinia virus (i) bearing a genome deletion of a gene that reduces T cell immunity (interleukin-18 binding protein); (ii) treated with a sialidase enzyme which is believed to reduce TLR2 activation and therefore the antibody response; (iii) carrying a gene that enhances cytotoxic T lymphocyte induction (e.g., TRIF) and/or (iv) reduces tumor myeloid-derived suppressor cells by reducing prostaglandin E2 reduces tumor growth. Accordingly, the present invention provides for immunooncolytic vaccinia viruses and methods of using them in the treatment of cancers.
1. An oncolytic vaccinia virus comprising a nucleic acid encoding a Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adapter inducing interferon beta (TRIF) protein or a functional domain thereof, wherein the oncolytic virus is thymidine kinase negative.
2. The oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 1 , further comprising a nucleic acid encoding 15-PGDH or a functional domain thereof.
3. The oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 1 , further comprising an envelope with reduced glycosylation relative to an otherwise identical unmodified virus.
4. The oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 1 , further comprising a C12L deletion.
5. The oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 1 , further comprising a deletion selected from the group consisting of a B8R deletion, a B18R deletion, an A35R deletion, a deletion or functional deletion of interleukin 18-binding protein and a combination thereof.
6. The oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 1 , further comprising a mutation or deletion selected from the group consisting of a A34R Lys151 to Glu mutation, a complete or partial deletion of B5R, a mutation or deletion of A36R, a mutation or deletion of A56R and a combination thereof.
7. The oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 1 , further comprising a nucleic acid encoding granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor.
8. The oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 1 , wherein thymidine kinase negative comprises a deletion of thymidine kinase gene.
9. The oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 2 , further comprising a C12L deletion.
10. The oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 2 , further comprising an envelope with reduced glycosylation relative to an otherwise identical unmodified virus.
11. The oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 4 , further comprising an envelope with reduced glycosylation relative to an otherwise identical unmodified virus.
12. The oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 9 , further comprising an envelope with reduced glycosylation relative to an otherwise identical unmodified virus.
13. A composition comprising the oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 1 and an immunomodulatory agent, an anti-cancer agent, an agent that inhibits or reduces the level of myeloid derived suppressor cells or any combination thereof.
14. The composition of claim 13 , wherein the immunomodulatory agent is selected from the group consisting of: an anti-CD33 antibody or a fragment thereof, an anti-CD11b antibody or a fragment thereof, a COX2 inhibitor, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, an agent capable of suppressing antiviral immunity and a combination thereof.
15. A method of reducing the growth of a cancer cell comprising administering, to the cancer cell, an effective amount of the oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 1 .
16. A method of reducing the growth of a tumor comprising administering, to the tumor, an effective amount of the oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 1 .
17. A method of treating a subject having cancer comprising administering, to the subject, an effective amount of the oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 1 .
18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising administering an agent selected from the group consisting of an anti-cancer agent, an immunomodulatory agent, and a combination thereof.
19. A modified oncolytic vaccinia virus comprising an envelope with reduced sialylation relative to an otherwise identical unmodified virus, and a nucleic acid encoding a Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adapter inducing interferon beta (TRIF) protein or a functional domain thereof, wherein the modified oncolytic vaccinia virus is thymidine kinase negative.
20. The modified oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 19 , further comprising a nucleic acid encoding 15-PGDH or a functional domain thereof.
21. The modified oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 20 , further comprising a C12L deletion.
22. A composition comprising the oncolytic vaccinia virus of claim 19 and an immunomodulatory agent, an anti-cancer agent, an agent that inhibits or reduces the level of myeloid derived suppressor cells or any combination thereof.
23. The composition of claim 22 , wherein the immunomodulatory agent is selected from the group consisting of: an anti-CD33 antibody or a fragment thereof, an anti-CD11b antibody or a fragment thereof, a COX2 inhibitor, and an immune checkpoint inhibitor, an agent capable of suppressing antiviral immunity and a combination thereof.
24. An oncolytic vaccinia virus comprising a nucleic acid encoding a Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adapter inducing interferon beta (TRIF) protein or a functional domain thereof and one or more of the following modifications:
(i) a viral backbone mutation;
(ii) a modification of viral glycosylation;
(iii) a modification that promotes T cell response;
(iv) a modification that inhibits immunosuppression; and
(v) modification that enhances virus spread and activity,
wherein the oncolytic vaccinia virus is thymidine kinase negative.