Pathogen surrogates based on encapsulated tagged DNA for verification of sanitation and wash water systems for fresh produce
A pathogen surrogate, formed by a DNA tag or bar code and a carrier, is described for use in the validation and verification of sanitation, such as in food processing operations and for wash water systems for fresh produce. The carrier material is selected so that the pathogen surrogate mimics the behavior of a pathogen when subjected to a sanitation operation. One or more surrogates can be introduced in to an environment, which is then subjected to sanitation process, followed by a detection process using the DNA tag of the surrogate.
1. A method of testing an efficacy of a sanitation process, comprising:
providing a first surrogate for a first pathogen, wherein the first surrogate comprises a first taggant chemically bound to a first surrogate carrier, wherein the first surrogate carrier is non-toxic and comprises one or more of a bio-degradable polymer, maltodextrin, salt, starch, a non-water-soluble food grade polymers, a protein, a membrane lipid, a gelatin-based polymer, agar agar, carrageenan, gellan, gelatin, latex, glycerol ester of wood rosin, pectins, carnauba, silica, water-soluble carbohydrate, flour, albumin, casein, a particle bearing a core of a functionally ferromagnetic material, or fixed cells of a formerly living microorganism, wherein the first surrogate has been determined to have degradation rates that match degradation rates of the first pathogen, and wherein the first taggant is formed of a first DNA bar code that has a DNA degradation rate under the first sanitation operation independent of the carrier degradation rate;
applying a first amount of the first surrogate to one or more processing or product surfaces;
subsequently performing the first sanitation operation, whereby a portion of the first surrogate carrier is degraded by the first sanitation operation; and
subsequently performing a detection operation to determine a second amount of the first surrogate present on the one or more surfaces after performing the first sanitation operation, wherein determining the second amount is performed by determining an amount of the first DNA bar code present on the one or more surfaces; and
determining the efficacy of the sanitation process from a comparison of the second amount to the first amount.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first surrogate is applied to one or more surfaces of a food processing facility.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first surrogate is applied as an aerosol or a suspension in a liquid spray.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the first surrogate includes applying the first pathogen surrogate to a food product.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first sanitation operation includes a wash water process.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the detection operation includes use of one or more of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop mediated isothermal amplification, or surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
prior to performing the first sanitation operation, providing a second surrogate for the first pathogen, wherein the second surrogate comprises a second taggant chemically bound to a second surrogate carrier, wherein the second surrogate carrier is non-toxic and selected to have a carrier degradation rate comparable to a pathogen degradation rate of the first pathogen under a first sanitation operation, and wherein the second taggant is formed of a second DNA bar code that has a DNA degradation rate under the first sanitation operation independent of the carrier degradation rate;
applying a first amount of the second surrogate to one or more surfaces;
wherein the first and second surrogates have differing degrees of robustness relative to the first sanitation operation, and wherein the detection operation is further performed to determine a third amount of the second surrogates present after performing the first sanitation operation, wherein determining the third amount is performed by determining an amount of the second DNA bar code present on the one or more surfaces.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first non-toxic pathogen surrogate carrier includes one or more of maltodextrin, a salt, a starch, a non-water soluble food grade polymer, a protein, or a lipid.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first non-toxic pathogen surrogate carrier is a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymer.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first non-toxic pathogen surrogate carrier is a gelatin based carrier.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first surrogate includes UV inhibitors.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first surrogate includes anti-oxidants.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first non-toxic pathogen surrogate carrier includes one or more of carrageenan, carnauba, silica, water-soluble carbohydrate, flour, albumin, casein.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first surrogate carrier is a particle bearing a core of a functionally ferromagnetic material.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first surrogate includes fixed cells of a formerly living microorganism.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first DNA bar code is encapsulated in the first surrogate carrier.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first DNA bar code is absorbed by the first surrogate carrier.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first DNA bar code is adsorbed onto the first surrogate carrier.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first surrogate carrier comprises a food-grade protein.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the first surrogate carrier comprises a non-water-soluble food-grade protein.