High density/high cetane renewable fuel blends
High density renewable diesel and jet fuels have been generated by blending multicyclic sesquiterpanes with a synthetic paraffinic kerosene (5-methylundecane). The sesquiterpanes impart high density and volumetric net heat of combustion to the blends, while inclusion of the modestly branched paraffin decreases the viscosity and increases the cetane number of the blends. A surrogate diesel fuel including 65% sesquiterpanes and 35% 5-methylundecane had a cetane number of 45.7, a density of 0.853 g/ml, and a volumetric net heat of combustion (NHOC) of 133,593 btu/gal. By increasing the amount of paraffin to 60% by volume, a jet fuel surrogate was prepared with a cetane number of 57.0, a density of 0.806 g/ml, a −20° C. viscosity of 7.9 est, and a NHOC of 124,257 btu/gal. The results show that full-performance and even ultra-performance fuels can be generated by combining bio-derived sesquiterpanes and paraffins.
1. A method for making a diesel fuel blend or a jet fuel blend, comprising:
(i) cycloaddition of renewable alkenes, ketones, or aldehydes to prepare multicyclic alkanes or multicyclic alkenes, (ii) converting norbornadiene to multicyclic alkanes or multicyclic alkenes, (iii) converting cyclopentadiene or a functionalized cyclopentadiene to multicyclic alkanes or multicyclic alkenes, or (iv) converting cyclooctatetraene to multicyclic alkanes or multicyclic alkenes;
preparing a synthetic paraffinic kerosene and mixing said synthetic paraffinic kerosene with the multicyclic alkanes or multicyclic alkenes prepared by one of steps (i)-(iv) to produce said deisel fuel blend with a cetane number>40 or said jet fuel blend with a viscosity below 8.5 cSt at −20° C.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said diesel fuel blend has a density greater than about 0.84 g/ml and wherein said jet fuel blend has a density between 0.78 g/ml and 0.84 g/ml.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said diesel fuel blend or jet fuel blend has a cetane number greater than about 42 and wherein said diesel fuel blend or jet fuel blend has a net heat of combustion greater than about 130,000 btu/gal.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said preparing said synthetic paraffinic kerosene is accomplished by dehydrating at least one alcohol to produce an alkene, oligomerizing the alkene to produce an alkene oligomer, and hydrogenating the alkene oligomer to obtain the synthetic paraffinic kerosene.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said preparing said synthetic paraffinic kerosene is accomplished by decarboxylation and hydrocracking of plant-based oils.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said preparing said synthetic paraffinic kerosene is accomplished by conversion of syngas via use of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, wherein said syngas is derived from biomass, natural gas, or coal.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said preparing said synthetic paraffinic kerosene is accomplished by decarboxylation and hydrocracking of algal oil.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said synthetic paraffinic kerosene comprises long chain hydrocarbons having 9-20 carbon atoms with an average of 1-3 chain branches per hydrocarbon wherein said synthetic paraffinic kerosene has a cetane number greater than 50.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said synthetic paraffinic kerosene has a viscosity between about 2.1 cSt and about 4.1 cSt at 40° C.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said synthetic paraffinic kerosene is 5-methylundecane.