Methods and apparatus for transparent display using scattering nanoparticles
Transparent displays enable many useful applications, including heads-up displays for cars and aircraft as well as displays on eyeglasses and glass windows. Unfortunately, transparent displays made of organic light-emitting diodes are typically expensive and opaque. Heads-up displays often require fixed light sources and have limited viewing angles. And transparent displays that use frequency conversion are typically energy inefficient. Conversely, the present transparent displays operate by scattering visible light from resonant nanoparticles with narrowband scattering cross sections and small absorption cross sections. More specifically, projecting an image onto a transparent screen doped with nanoparticles that selectively scatter light at the image wavelength(s) yields an image on the screen visible to an observer. Because the nanoparticles scatter light at only certain wavelengths, the screen is practically transparent under ambient light. Exemplary transparent scattering displays can be simple, inexpensive, scalable to large sizes, viewable over wide angular ranges, energy efficient, and transparent simultaneously.
1. A transparent display comprising:
a transparent substrate;
at least one light source, in optical communication with the transparent substrate, to illuminate the transparent substrate with light comprising a first spectral component at a first wavelength and a second spectral component at a second wavelength; and
at least one nanoparticle, disposed on and/or within the transparent substrate, to scatter the first spectral component and the second spectral component and to transmit ambient light at other wavelengths in the visible spectrum.
2. The transparent display of claim 1 , wherein the transparent substrate has a transmittance greater than 60% at wavelengths from about 390 nm to about 760 nm.
3. The transparent display of claim 1 , wherein the transparent substrate comprises at least one of glass, plastic, polymer, and acrylic.
4. The transparent display of claim 1 , wherein the at least one light source comprises a broadband light source.
5. The transparent display of claim 1 , wherein the at least one light source comprises:
a first monochromatic light source to emit the first spectral component; and
a second monochromatic light source to emit the second spectral component.
6. The transparent display of claim 1 , wherein the light further comprises a third spectral component at a third wavelength, and wherein the at least one nanoparticle is further configured to scatter the third spectral component.
7. The transparent display of claim 6 , wherein the first wavelength is about 390 nm to about 490 nm, the second wavelength is about 490 nm to about 580 nm, and the third wavelength is about 580 nm to about 760 nm.
8. The transparent display of claim 7 , wherein the at least one nanoparticle has a scattering cross section with:
a first peak having a first full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of about 1 nm to about 70 nm overlapping the first wavelength,
a second peak having a second FWHM of about 1 nm to about 70 nm overlapping the second wavelength, and
a third peak having a third FWHM of about 1 nm to about 70 nm overlapping the third wavelength.
9. The transparent display of claim 1 , wherein the at least one nanoparticle comprises a nanoshell.
10. The transparent display of claim 9 , wherein the nanoshell comprises at least one of titanium oxide and silicon.
11. The transparent display of claim 1 , wherein the at least one nanoparticle comprises a silicon sphere having a radius of about 115 nm.
12. The transparent display of claim 1 , wherein the at least one nanoparticle comprises a silica core and a silver shell disposed around the silica core.
13. The transparent display of claim 1 , wherein the transparent display scatters about 90% to about 100% of incident light at the first wavelength and the second wavelength.
14. The transparent display of claim 1 , wherein the at least one nanoparticle comprises a plurality of nanoparticles deposited in a predetermined pattern on the transparent substrate.
15. The transparent display of claim 1 , further comprising:
a beam-steering element to direct the light to different areas of the transparent substrate so as to illuminate different ones of the at least one nanoparticle.
16. A method of operating a transparent display comprising at least one nanoparticle disposed on and/or within a transparent substrate, the method comprising:
illuminating the at least one nanoparticle with light having a first spectral component at a first wavelength and a second spectral component at a second wavelength so as to scatter at least a portion of the first spectral component and the second spectral component towards a viewer, the at least one nanoparticle transmitting ambient light at other wavelengths in the visible spectrum.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein illuminating the at least one nanoparticle comprises illuminating the at least one nanoparticle using a broadband light source.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein illuminating the at least one nanoparticle comprises:
illuminating the at least one nanoparticle with a first monochromatic light source transmitting the first spectral component; and
illuminating the at least one nanoparticle with a second monochromatic light source transmitting the second spectral component.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the at least one nanoparticle is further configured to scatter a third spectral component at a third wavelength.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein illuminating the at least one nanoparticle comprises:
illuminating the at least one nanoparticle with a first monochromatic beam having a first center wavelength between about 390 nm and about 490 nm;
illuminating the at least one nanoparticle with a second monochromatic beam having a second center wavelength between about 490 nm and about 580 nm; and
illuminating the at least one nanoparticle with a third monochromatic beam having a third center wavelength between about 580 nm and about 760 nm.
21. A transparent display comprising:
a transparent substrate;
a first monochromatic light source to illuminate the transparent substrate with a first monochromatic beam at a first wavelength;
a second monochromatic light source to illuminate the transparent substrate with a second monochromatic beam at a second wavelength; and
at least one nanoparticle, disposed on the transparent substrate, to scatter the first monochromatic beam and the second monochromatic beam and to transmit ambient light at other wavelengths in the visible spectrum,
wherein the at least one nanoparticle has a scattering cross section with a first peak having a first full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of about 1 nm to about 70 nm overlapping the first wavelength and a second peak having a second FWHM of about 1 nm to about 70 nm overlapping the second wavelength.