Microreactor-assisted printing of conductive traces with in-situ reactive inks
Highly conductive silver may be fabricated at room temperature using in-situ reactive silver precursor inks by microreactor-assisted printing without any post-processing. Reactive silver nanoinks, synthesized in-situ from the microreactor, may be directly delivered onto glass and polymeric substrates without any surface treatment to form a highly dense and uniform silver feature. The distribution of the reactive silver nanoinks can be controlled by adjusting the flow rate of the continuous flow. Silver lines may be fabricated using the in-situ reactive precursors delivered via a micro-channel applicator.
1. A method of printing a conductive trace on a substrate, the method comprising:
forming a first conduit between a surface of a substrate and a material layer disposed over the substrate surface, at least one of the material layer or the substrate including a channel of a predetermined trace pattern;
transporting a first liquid comprising a first reagent through a second conduit;
transporting a second liquid comprising second reagent through a third conduit, wherein one or more of the first and second liquids comprise a metal species;
generating a metallic precursor liquid comprising metal nanocrystals by reacting a solution of the first and second liquids as the solution is transported from a union of the second and third conduits through a reaction chamber toward the first conduit; and
depositing the metal nanocrystals onto a portion of the substrate surface corresponding to the trace pattern by transporting the metallic precursor liquid through the first conduit.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the first conduit comprises a microchannel having a lateral width less than 100 μm defined in a molding plate face that is mated to the substrate surface; and
the method further comprises separating the molding plate face from the substrate surface after depositing the metal nanocrystals onto the portion of the substrate surface exposed to the metallic precursor liquid along a length of the microchannel.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal species comprises at least one of Ag, Au, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, Pt, Pd, Rh, CoNiP, CoWP, CoReP, CoMnP, CoNiZnP, CoB, CoFeB, NiFeP, NiMoP, NiWP, or NiZnP.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the first reagent comprises a metal compound soluble in a basic aqueous solution; and
the second reagent comprises a reductant of the metal species.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein:
the first reagent comprises silver nitrate (AgNO3);
the first liquid comprises aqueous ammonium hydroxide and [Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ] + complexes;
the second reagent comprises formaldehyde (HCHO); and
the second liquid comprises aqueous HCHO.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
controlling a sum of a first flow rate of the first liquid through the second conduit and a second flow rate of the second liquid through the third conduit to provide a predetermined residence time within the reaction chamber; and
controlling the first flow rate relative to the second flow rate to control the composition of the solution of the first and second liquids within the reaction chamber.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the reaction of the first and second liquids occurs at no more than 40° C.
8. A method of printing a conductive trace on a substrate, the method comprising:
transporting a first liquid comprising a first reagent through a first conduit;
transporting a second liquid comprising second reagent through a second conduit, wherein one or more of the first and second liquids comprise a metal species;
generating a metallic precursor liquid comprising metal nanocrystals by reacting a solution of the first and second liquids as the solution is transported from a union of the first and second conduits through a reaction chamber toward a surface of a substrate; and
depositing the metal nanocrystals onto the surface of the substrate by transporting the metallic precursor liquid through a third conduit defining the surface of the substrate over which the conductive trace is to be disposed, wherein:
the first reagent comprises silver nitrate (AgNO3);
the first liquid comprises aqueous ammonium hydroxide and [Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ] + complexes;
the second reagent comprises formaldehyde (HCHO); and
the second liquid comprises aqueous HCHO.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein:
the third conduit comprises a microchannel having a lateral width less than 100 μm defined in a molding plate face that is mated to the substrate surface; and
the method further comprises separating the molding plate face from the substrate surface after depositing the metal nanocrystals onto the portion of the substrate surface exposed to the metallic precursor liquid along a length of the microchannel.
10. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:
controlling a sum of a first flow rate of the first liquid through the first conduit and a second flow rate of the second liquid through the second conduit to provide a predetermined residence time within the reaction chamber; and
controlling the first flow rate relative to the second flow rate to control the composition of the solution of the first and second liquids within the reaction chamber.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reaction of the first and second liquids occurs at no more than 40° C.