PERFORATED SHEETS OF GRAPHENE-BASED MATERIAL
Perforated sheets of graphene-based material having a plurality of perforations are provided. The perforated sheets may include perforated single layer graphene. The perforations may be located over greater than 10% of said area of said sheet of graphene-based material and the mean pore size of the perforations selected from the range of 0.3 nm to 1 μm. Methods for making the perforated sheets are also provided.
1 . A perforated sheet of graphene-based material having an area and comprising:
a perforated single layer of graphene;
a plurality of perforations in the single layer of graphene located over greater than 10% of the area of the single layer of graphene, the perforations having a mean pore size selected form the range of 0.3 nm to 1 μm;
wherein the perforations are characterized by a density of perforations selected from the range of 2/nm 2 to 1/μm 2 ; and,
wherein the perforated area corresponds to 0.1% or greater of said area of said sheet of graphene-based material.
2 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 1 , wherein the perforations are characterized by a distribution of pores with a dispersion characterized by a coefficient of variation of 0.1 to 2.
3 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 2 , wherein said single layer graphene is characterized by an average size domain for long range order greater than or equal to 1 μm.
4 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 1 , wherein said single layer graphene has an extent of disorder characterized long range lattice periodicity on the order of 1 micrometer.
5 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 1 , wherein the perforated graphene-based material does not exhibit long range order.
6 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 1 , wherein at least one lateral dimension of the single layer of graphene is from 10 nm to 10 cm.
7 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 6 , wherein the single layer graphene comprises at least two surfaces and greater than 10% and less than 80% of said surfaces of said single layer graphene is covered by said non-graphenic carbon-based material.
8 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 7 , wherein said non-graphenic carbon-based material is in physical contact with at least one of the surfaces of said single layer graphene.
9 . A perforated sheet of graphene-based material comprising:
a perforated single layer graphene having a plurality of perforations characterized in that the perforations are located over greater than 10% of said area of said sheet of graphene-based material and the mean pore size of the perforations is selected from the range of 0.3 nm to 1 μm.
10 . A perforated sheet of graphene-based material, the graphene-based material comprising:
a single layer graphene;
a plurality of perforations in the single layer graphene characterized in that the perforations are located over greater than 10% of said area of said sheet of graphene-based material and the mean pore size of the perforations is selected from the range of 0.3 nm to 1 μm.
11 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 10 , wherein the perforations are characterized by a distribution of pores with a dispersion characterized by a coefficient of variation of 0.1 to 2.
12 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 9 , wherein the coefficient of variation of the pore size is 0.5 to 2.
13 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 9 , wherein the coefficient of variation of the pore size is 0.1 to 0.5.
14 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 11 , wherein the perforations are characterized by a density of perforations selected from the range of 2/nm 2 to 1/μm 2 .
15 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 14 , wherein the perforated area corresponds to 0.1% or greater of said area of said sheet of graphene-based material.
16 . The sheet of graphene-based material of claim 15 wherein the perforations are characterized by an average area of said perforations selected from the range of 0.2 nm 2 to 0.25 μm 2 .
17 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 9 , wherein said single layer graphene is characterized by an average size domain for long range order greater than or equal to 1 μm.
18 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 9 wherein said single layer graphene has an extent of disorder characterized long range lattice periodicity on the order of 1 micrometer.
19 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 9 , wherein said single layer graphene has an extent of disorder characterized by less than 1% content of lattice defects.
20 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 9 , wherein the crystal lattice of the single layer graphene is disrupted over the scale of 1 nm to 10 nm.
21 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 10 , wherein the perforated graphene-based material does not exhibit long range order.
22 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 21 , wherein the thickness of the sheet is from 0.3 nm to 10 nm.
23 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 22 , wherein at least one lateral dimension of the sheet is from 10 nm to 10 cm.
24 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 9 , further comprising a non-graphenic carbon-based material provided on said single layer graphene.
25 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 24 , wherein the single layer graphene comprises at least two surfaces and greater than 10% and less than 80% of said surfaces of said single layer graphene is covered by said non-graphenic carbon-based material.
26 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 24 , wherein said non-graphenic carbon-based material is in physical contact with at least one of the surfaces of said single layer graphene.
27 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 24 , wherein said non-graphenic carbon-based material does not exhibit long range order.
28 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 24 , wherein said non-graphenic carbon-based material has an elemental composition comprising carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
29 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 24 , wherein said non-graphenic carbon-based material has a molecular composition comprising amorphous carbon, one or more hydrocarbons, oxygen containing carbon compounds, nitrogen containing carbon compounds or any combination of these.
30 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 24 , wherein said non-graphenic carbon-based material comprises 10% to 100% carbon.
31 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 24 , wherein said non-graphenic carbon-based material further comprises non-carbon elements.
32 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 31 , wherein said non-carbon elements are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, oxygen, silicon, copper and iron.
33 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 31 , wherein said non-graphenic carbon-based material is characterized by substantially limited mobility.
34 . The perforated sheet of graphene-based material of claim 31 , wherein said non-graphenic carbon-based material is substantially nonvolatile.
35 . A method for perforating a sheet of graphene-based material, said method comprising:
positioning said sheet of graphene-based material comprising a single layer graphene having at least two surfaces; and a non-graphenic carbon-based material provided on said single layer graphene; wherein greater than 10% and less than 80% of said surfaces of said single layer graphene is covered by said non-graphenic carbon-based material; and
exposing the sheet of graphene-based material to ions characterized by an ion energy ranging from 10 eV to 100 keV and fluence ranging from 1×10 13 ions/cm 2 to 1×10 21 ions/cm 2 .
36 . The method of claim 35 , wherein the ions are provided by an ion flood source.
37 . The method of claim 35 , wherein the ions are noble gas ions.
38 . The method of claim 35 , wherein the ions are selected from the group consisting of Xe + ions, Ne + ions, or Ar + ions.
39 . The method of claim 38 , wherein the ion energy ranges from 5 keV to 50 keV and the ion dose ranges from 5×10 14 ions/cm 2 to 5×10 15 ions/cm 2 .
40 . The method of claim 38 , wherein the sheet of graphene-based material is exposed to the ions in an environment comprising partial pressure of 5×10 −4 torr to 5×10 −5 torr of oxygen, nitrogen or carbon dioxide at a total pressure of 10 −3 torr to 10 −5 torr.
41 . The method of claim 38 , wherein the ion energy ranges from ion energy ranging from 100 eV to 1000 eV and the ion dose ranges from 1×10 13 ions/cm 2 to 1×10 14 ions/cm 2 .
42 . The method of claim 35 , wherein the ions are helium ions.
43 . The method of claim 42 , wherein the ion energy ranges from ion energy ranging from 1 keV to 40 keV and the ion dose ranges from 1×10 19 ions/cm 2 to 1×10 21 ions/cm 2 .
44 . A method for perforating a sheet of graphene-based material, said method comprising:
positioning said sheet of graphene-based material comprising a single layer graphene having at least two surfaces; and a non-graphenic carbon-based material provided on said single layer graphene; wherein greater than 10% and less than 80% of said surfaces of said single layer graphene is covered by said non-graphenic carbon-based material; and
exposing said sheet of graphene-based material to ultraviolet radiation and an oxygen containing gas at an irradiation intensity from 10 to 100 mW/cm 2 at a distance of 6 mm for a time from 60 to 1200 sec.
45 . The method of claim 44 , wherein the oxygen containing gas is air at atmospheric pressure.