Perforatable sheets of graphene-based material
Sheets of graphene-based material comprising single layer graphene and suitable for formation of a plurality of perforations in the single layer graphene are provided. In an aspect, the sheets of graphene-based material are formed by chemical vapor deposition followed by one or more conditioning steps. In a further aspect, the sheets of graphene-based material include non-graphenic carbon-based material and may be characterized the amount, mobility and/or volatility of the non-graphenic carbon-based material.
1. A membrane providing for selective permeability comprising:
a sheet of graphene-based material comprising a single layer of graphene-based material wherein the layer has two opposing surfaces exposed to the environment, and the layer has been subjected to ion irradiation characterized by an ion energy ranging from 10 eV to 100 keV and a fluence ranging from 1×10 13 ions/cm 2 to 1×10 21 ions/cm 2 producing perforations in the layer of graphene-based material;
a non-graphenic carbon-based material in contact with a surface of the sheet of graphene-based material; and,
contact areas between the graphene-based material and the non-graphenic carbon-based material that are greater in area that 10% and less than 80% of the surfaces of the sheet of graphene-based material, wherein the non-graphenic carbon-based material is characterized by substantially limited mobility;
wherein the perforations in the layer of graphene-based material have a mean pore size of selected from the range of 0.3 nm to 1 μm and a density of perforations selected from the range of 2/nm 2 to 1/μm 2 .
2. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein said single layer graphene-based material has an extent of disorder characterized by long range lattice periodicity on the order of 1 micrometer.
3. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the perforations cover an area corresponding to 0.1% or greater of the area of said sheet of graphene-based material.
4. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the perforations cover an area corresponding to 10% or greater of the area of said sheet of graphene-based material, and wherein at least one lateral dimension of the sheet is from 10 nm to 10 cm.
5. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the perforations are characterized by a distribution of pores with a coefficient of variation of 0.1 to 2.
6. The membrane of claim 1 further comprising:
graphene domains formed as nanocrystals comprising domain size from 1 to 100 nm and average size for long range order greater than or equal to 1 μm.