Selective interfacial mitigation of graphene defects
A method for the repair of defects in a graphene or other two-dimensional material through interfacial polymerization.
1. A method comprising:
disposing a first reactant on a first side of a two-dimensional material including defects;
disposing a second reactant on a second side of the two-dimensional material such that the first reactant and second reactant undergo a polymerization reaction and form polymer regions filling the defects; and
after the polymerization reaction forms the polymer regions, adhering the polymer regions to a support structure.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein adhering the polymer regions to the support structure comprises forming covalent bonds between the polymer regions and the support structure.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the adhering the polymer regions to the support structure comprises forming molecular entanglement between the polymer regions and the support structure.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising adhering a polymer handling region formed along at least a portion of an edge of the two-dimensional material to the support structure.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the two-dimensional material comprises graphene.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the support structure is a porous support structure.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer regions have a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 100 μm.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer regions are biocompatible or bio-inert.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising treating the support structure to enhance adhesion between the polymer regions and the support structure.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer regions are adhered to the support structure such that a distance between adjacent polymer regions is less than a length of the two-dimensional material between the adjacent polymer regions.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer regions are adhered to the support structure such that folds are formed in the two-dimensional material.
12. A method comprising:
forming holes in a two-dimensional material including defects;
disposing a first reactant on a first side of the two-dimensional material;
disposing a second reactant on a second side of the two-dimensional material such that the first reactant and second reactant undergo a polymerization reaction and form polymer regions filling the defects and holes; and
adhering the polymer regions to a support structure.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the ratio of the area of the holes to the area of the two-dimensional material is in the range of 5% to 50%.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the polymer regions have a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 100 μm.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the holes are randomly distributed across the two-dimensional material.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the holes are arranged in a periodic array.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the polymer regions are adhered to the support structure such that a distance between adjacent polymer regions is less than a length of the two-dimensional material between the adjacent polymer regions.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein the polymer regions are adhered to the support structure such that folds are formed in the two-dimensional material.
19. A method comprising:
forming pores in a two-dimensional material including defects, wherein the defects have a size greater than 15 nm, and the pores have a size that is less than the size of the defects;
disposing a first reactant on a first side of the two-dimensional material; and
disposing a second reactant on a second side of the two-dimensional material such that the first reactant and second reactant undergo a polymerization reaction and form polymer regions filling the defects;
wherein the pores are not filled by the polymer regions.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein at least one of the first reactant and the second reactant comprises a dendrimer.
21. The method of claim 19 , further comprising applying an electric potential to the two-dimensional material to attract the first reactant and the second reactant to the defects in the graphene material.
22. The method of claim 19 , further comprising heating the first reactant and the second reactant to increase a rate of diffusion thereof and increase a rate of the polymerization reaction.
23. The method of claim 19 , wherein the first reactant is ionic, the second reactant is ionic, and the first and second reactants have opposite charges.
24. The method of claim 19 , further comprising forming holes in the two-dimensional material with a size greater than the size of the pores, such that the holes are filled by polymer regions formed during the polymerization reaction.
25. A method comprising:
disposing a first reactant on a first side of a two-dimensional material and extending beyond at least a portion of an edge of the two-dimensional material;
disposing a second reactant on a second side of the two-dimensional material and extending beyond the at least a portion of the edge of the two-dimensional material;
wherein the first reactant and second reactant undergo a polymerization reaction and form a polymer handling region at least a portion of the edge of the two-dimensional material.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the polymer handling region extends along the entire circumference of the two-dimensional material.
27. The method of claim 25 , wherein the polymer handling region extends from the at least a portion of the edge of the two-dimensional material for a distance of at least about 1 mm.
28. The method of claim 25 , wherein the polymer handling region has a thickness in the range of 3 nm to 100 μm.
29. A method comprising:
disposing a first reactant on a first side of a two-dimensional material containing defects;
disposing a second reactant on a second side of the two-dimensional material such that the first reactant and second reactant undergo a polymerization reaction and form polymer regions filling the defects; and
forming pores in the two-dimensional material by impacting the two-dimensional material with nanoparticles.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the nanoparticles have an energy of 2 keV to 500 keV per nanoparticle.
31. The method of claim 29 , wherein the nanoparticles have a size of 2 nm to 50 nm.
32. The method of claim 29 , wherein the size of the pores is from 1 nm to 100 nm.
33. The method of claim 29 , wherein the fluence of the nanoparticles is 1×10 8 to 1×10 12 nanoparticles/cm 2 .
34. The method of claim 29 , wherein the two-dimensional material comprises graphene.
35. A method comprising:
forming pores in a two-dimensional material including defects by impacting the two-dimensional material with nanoparticles;
disposing a first reactant on a first side of the two-dimensional material; and
disposing a second reactant on a second side of the two-dimensional material such that the first reactant and second reactant undergo a polymerization reaction and form polymer regions filling the defects;
wherein the pores are not filled by the polymer regions.
36. The method of claim 35 , wherein the nanoparticles have an energy of 2 keV to 500 keV per nanoparticle.
37. The method of claim 35 , wherein the nanoparticles have a size of 2 nm to 50 nm.
38. The method of claim 35 , wherein the size of the pores is from 1 nm to 100 nm.
39. The method of claim 35 , wherein the fluence of the nanoparticles is 1×10 8 to 1×10 12 nanoparticles/cm 2.
40. The method of claim 35 , wherein the two-dimensional material comprises graphene.
41. A membrane assembly, comprising:
a two-dimensional material including polymer regions that extend through defects in the two-dimensional material; and
a support structure,
wherein the two-dimensional material is adhered to the support structure via the polymer regions, and the polymer regions prevent fluid flow through the defects.
42. The membrane assembly of claim 41 , wherein the two-dimensional material comprises graphene.
43. The membrane assembly of claim 41 , wherein the membrane assembly is biocompatible or bio-inert.
44. The membrane assembly of claim 41 , wherein the polymer regions have a thickness of 3 nm to 500 nm.
45. The membrane assembly of claim 41 , wherein the polymer regions are adhered to the support structure through at least one of covalent bonds and molecular entanglement.
46. The membrane assembly of claim 41 , wherein the polymer regions are adhered to the support structure such that a distance between adjacent polymer regions is less than a length of the two-dimensional material between the adjacent polymer regions.
47. The membrane assembly of claim 41 , wherein the polymer regions are adhered to the support structure such that folds are formed in the two-dimensional material.