Two-dimensional membrane structures having flow passages

1. A two-dimensional membrane layered structure comprising:

a support substrate layer having a plurality of substrate passages configured to allow fluid to flow therethrough;

a two-dimensional membrane layer disposed on an upper surface of the support substrate layer, the two-dimensional membrane layer having a plurality of pores configured to allow fluid to flow therethrough, the plurality of pores comprising a first portion of pores that overlap with the plurality of substrate passages and a second portion of pores that do not overlap with the plurality of substrate passages; and

a plurality of flow passages disposed between the support substrate layer and the two-dimensional membrane layer, the plurality of flow passages being configured to allow fluid to flow through the second portion of pores to the plurality of substrate passages.

2. The two-dimensional membrane layered structure of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of interlayer supports disposed on an upper surface of the support substrate layer, wherein the plurality of interlayer supports form the plurality of flow passages.

3. The two-dimensional membrane layered structure of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of grooves formed on an upper surface of the support substrate layer, wherein the plurality of grooves form the plurality of flow passages.

4. The two-dimensional membrane layered structure of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of interlayer supports disposed on an upper surface of the support substrate layer and a plurality of grooves formed on an upper surface of the support substrate layer, wherein the plurality of interlayer supports and the plurality of grooves form the plurality of flow passages.

5. A two-dimensional membrane layered structure comprising:

a support substrate layer having a plurality of substrate passages configured to allow fluid to flow therethrough;

a two-dimensional membrane layer disposed on an upper surface of the support substrate layer, the two-dimensional membrane layer having a plurality of pores configured to allow fluid to flow therethrough, and the plurality of pores comprising a first portion of pores that overlap with the plurality of substrate passages and a second portion of pores that do not overlap with the plurality of substrate passages; and

a plurality of interlayer supports disposed on the upper surface of the support substrate layer,

wherein the plurality of interlayer supports is configured to form a plurality of flow passages that allow fluid to flow through the second portion of pores to the plurality of substrate passages.

6. The two-dimensional membrane layered structure of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of interlayer supports comprises carbon nanotubes.

7. The two-dimensional membrane layered structure of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of interlayer supports comprises electrospun fibers.

8. The two-dimensional membrane layered structure of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of interlayer supports is disposed on an area of the upper surface of the support substrate layer ranging from about 5% to about 50% of the total area of the upper surface of the support substrate layer.

9. The two-dimensional membrane layered structure of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of interlayer supports is functionalized.

10. The two-dimensional membrane layered structure of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of interlayer supports is disposed on an area of the upper surface of the support substrate layer ranging from about 40% to about 45% of the total area of the upper surface of the support substrate layer.

11. A two-dimensional membrane layered structure comprising:

a support substrate layer having a plurality of substrate passages configured to allow fluid to flow therethrough;

a two-dimensional membrane layer disposed on an upper surface of the support substrate layer, the two-dimensional membrane layer having a plurality of pores configured to allow fluid to flow therethrough, and the plurality of pores comprising a first portion of pores that overlap with the plurality of substrate passages and a second portion of pores that do not overlap with the plurality of substrate passages; and

a plurality of grooves formed on the upper surface of the support substrate layer,

wherein the plurality of grooves is configured to form a plurality of flow channels that allow permeate to flow through the second portion of pores to the plurality of substrate channels.

12. The two-dimensional membrane layered structure of claim 11 , wherein the plurality of grooves is formed on the upper surface of the support substrate layer in a lattice pattern.

13. The two-dimensional membrane layered structure of claim 11 , wherein the plurality of grooves comprises a width of about 10 nanometers to about 1000 nanometers.

14. The two-dimensional membrane layered structure of claim 11 , wherein the plurality of grooves is functionalized.

15. A two-dimensional membrane layered structure comprising:

a support substrate layer having a plurality of substrate passages configured to allow fluid to flow therethrough;

a two-dimensional membrane layer disposed on an upper surface of the support substrate layer, the two-dimensional membrane layer having a plurality of pores configured to allow fluid to flow therethrough, the plurality of pores comprising a first portion of pores that overlap with the plurality of substrate passages and a second portion of pores that do not overlap with the plurality of substrate passages; and

a flow passage means for allowing fluid to flow through the second portion of pores to the plurality of substrate passages to increase overall pore utilization of the two-dimensional membrane layer.