High-performing bulk photovoltaics
The present invention provides materials with high bulk photovoltaic effect response. The present invention also provides for products comprising the high bulk photovoltaic effect materials of the present invention.
1. A composition, comprising: a polar oxide characterized as having a LiNbO 3 structure with a band gap of less than about 2.0 eV wherein (a) the polar oxide comprises one or more d 10 s 0 cations and/or (b) the band gap is in the range of from about 1.7 eV to about 1.8 eV.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the band gap is less than about 1.8 eV.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the band gap is in the range of from about 1.2 eV to about 1.8 eV.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the band gap is in the range of from about 1.7 eV to about 1.8 eV.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the polar oxide comprises one or more d 10 s 0 cations.
6. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the one or more d 10 s 0 cations are electronegative metals.
7. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the one or more d 10 s 0 cations comprises one or more of the following: Pb 4+ , Bi 5+ , Tl 3+ , Hg 2+ , Au 1+ , Pt 0 , Sb 5+ , Sn 4+ , In 3+ , Cd 2+ , Ag 1+ , Pd 0 , As 5+ , Ge 4+ , Ga 3+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 1+ , Ni 0 .
8. The composition of claim 6 , wherein the polar oxide comprises Mg 1−x Zn x PbO 3 , wherein x is in the range of from about 0.01 to about 0.99.
9. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the polar oxide comprises Mg 1/2 Zn 1/2 PbO 3 .
10. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the polar oxide comprises PbNiO 3 .
11. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the one or more d 10 s 0 cations comprises Bi 5+ .
12. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the polar oxide comprises LiBiO 3 .
13. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the composition is characterized as having a polarization of at least about 50 μC/cm 2 .
14. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the composition is characterized as having a polarization of the range of from about 75 μC/cm 2 to about 100 μC/cm 2 .
15. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the composition is characterized as having a Glass coefficient of greater than about 30×10 −9 cm/V.
16. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the composition is characterized as having a Glass coefficient of greater than about 80×10 −9 cm/V.
17. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the composition is characterized as having a Glass coefficient of greater than about 115×10 −9 cm/V.
18. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the composition is characterized as having a current density response of greater than about 13×10 −4 (A/m 2 )/(W/m 2 ).
19. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the composition is characterized as having a current density response of greater than about 20×10 −4 (A/m 2 )/(W/m 2 ).
20. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the composition is characterized as having a current density response of greater than about 45×10 −4 (A/m 2 )/(W/m 2 ).
21. A photovoltaic device comprising one or more composition of claim 1 .
22. A photovoltaic device comprising one or more composition of claim 5 .
23. A photovoltaic device comprising one or more composition of claim 7 .
24. A photovoltaic device comprising one or more composition of claim 9 .
25. A photovoltaic device comprising one or more composition of claim 10 .
26. A photovoltaic device comprising one or more composition of claim 12 .
27. A sensor comprising one or more composition of claim 1 .
28. A sensor comprising one or more composition of claim 5 .
29. A sensor comprising one or more composition of claim 7 .
30. A sensor comprising one or more composition of claim 9 .
31. A sensor comprising one or more composition of claim 10 .
32. A sensor comprising one or more composition of claim 12 .