Conversion of biomass or residual waste material to biofuels

1. A process for producing liquid hydrocarbon products from solid biomass and optionally residual waste feedstocks, said process comprising the steps of:

a) hydropyrolysing the solid feedstock in a hydropyrolysis reactor vessel in the presence of molecular hydrogen and one or more deoxygenation catalysts to produce a product stream comprising partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product, H 2 O, H 2 , CO 2 , CO, C 1 -C 3 gases, char and catalyst fines, wherein the solid feedstock is a lignocellulose-containing biomass;

b) removing said char and catalyst fines from said product stream;

c) hydroconverting said partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product in a hydroconversion reactor vessel in the presence of one or more hydroconversion catalysts and of the H 2 O, CO 2 , CO, H 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gases generated in step a) to produce a vapour phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated hydrocarbon product, H 2 O, CO, CO 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gases;

d) condensing the vapour phase product of step c) to provide a liquid phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid and aqueous material and separating said liquid phase product from a gas phase product comprising H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gases;

e) removing the aqueous material from the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid; and

f) hydroprocessing at least a portion of the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid in a hydroprocessing reactor vessel in the presence of hydrogen and one or more hydroprocessing catalysts, each hydroprocessing catalyst comprising at least one reduced metal on a solid support, in order to provide an upgraded liquid hydrocarbon stream; wherein the upgraded liquid hydrocarbon stream is reduced in total aromatics content, reduced in benzene content, increased in cetane number or a combination thereof, relative to the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid.

2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the gas phase product comprising CO, CO 2 , and C 1 -C 3 gases is subjected to a reforming and water-gas shift process in order to produce hydrogen.

3. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the gas phase product is first purified to remove any sulfur and NH 3 present before being subjected to the reforming and water-gas shift process.

4. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the hydrogen produced in the reforming and water-gas shift process is used as at least a portion of the molecular hydrogen in at least one of steps a), c) and f).

5. The process according to claim 4 , wherein the hydrogen produced in the reforming and water-gas shift process is used to provide all of the hydrogen required in steps a), c) and f).

6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the deoxygenation catalyst comprises one or more sulfided metal selected from the group of nickel, molybdenum, cobalt and tungsten supported on an oxidic carrier selected from alumina, silica, titania, ceria, zirconia, binary oxides, and zeolites.

7. The process according to claim 6 , wherein the deoxygenation catalyst comprises either a sulfided nickel/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support or a sulfided cobalt/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support.

8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the hydroconversion catalysts comprise one or more sulfided metal selected from the group of nickel, molybdenum, cobalt and tungsten supported on an oxidic carrier selected from alumina, silica, titania, ceria, zirconia, binary oxides, and zeolites.

9. The process according to claim 8 , wherein the hydroconversion catalyst comprises either a sulfided nickel/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support or a sulfided cobalt/molybdenum catalyst on an alumina support.

10. The process according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more hydroprocessing catalysts comprises one or more metals selected from nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium and ruthenium on an oxidic support.

11. The process according to claim 1 , wherein at least two hydroprocessing catalysts are used.

12. The process according to claim 11 , wherein the at least two hydroprocessing catalysts are present in a stacked catalyst bed.

13. The process according to claim 1 , wherein before step f), the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid is subjected to distillation in order to separate it into fractions according to the ranges of the boiling points of the liquid products contained therein and step f) is carried out on one or more of said fractions.

14. The process according to claim 13 , wherein step f) is carried out on a fraction comprising hydrocarbons with boiling points in the range of from 150 to 380° C.

15. The process according to claim 13 , wherein step f) is carried out on a fraction comprising hydrocarbons with boiling points in the range of from 90 to 200° C.

16. The process according to claim 1 , wherein a hydrodesulfurisation step is carried out before step f).

17. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the cetane number is increased by at least about 5 relative to the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid.

18. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the upgraded liquid hydrocarbon stream is reduced in density relative to the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid.

19. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the upgraded liquid hydrocarbon stream is reduced in sulphur content, nitrogen content, or both, relative to the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid.

20. The process according to claim 1 , wherein a total aromatics content, benzene content, or both, of the portion of the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid is at least 60%.