Stabilised (partially) lithiated graphite materials, methods for the production thereof and use for lithium batteries
Described is a coated, (partly) lithiated graphite powder characterized in that it has been produced in a non-electrochemical process from metallic lithium and graphite in powder form and has been stabilized outside an electrochemical cell by application of a coating layer; and a galvanic cell comprising a cathode, a lithium-conductive electrolyte-separator system and an anode comprising a coated, (partly) lithiated graphite powder, where the (partial) lithiation and the coating of the graphite powder are performed non-electrochemically outside the galvanic cell (ex situ).
1. A stabilized lithiated graphite powder, produced by a non-electrochemical method, having a molar ratio of graphite (C) to electrochemically active lithium (Li) in the range of from 3:1 to 600:1, characterized in that the stabilized lithiated graphite powder contains intercalated lithium and is coated with one or more thermodynamically stable salts formed by contacting the lithiated graphite powder with at least one coating agent selected from the group consisting of N 2 , CO 2 , CO, O 2 , N 2 O, NO, NO 2 , HF, F 2 , PF 3 , PF 5 , POF 3 , carbonic acid esters, lithium chelatoborate solutions, sulphur organic compounds, nitrogen-containing organic compounds, phosphoric acid, organic phosphorus-containing compounds, fluorine-containing organic and inorganic compounds, silicon-containing compounds, and any combination of two or more of the foregoing.
2. The stabilized lithiated graphite powder according to claim 1 , characterized in that the molar ratio of C:Li in the stabilized lithiated graphite powder is in the range of from 5:1 to 600:1.
3. The stabilized lithiated graphite powder according to claim 1 , characterized in that the at least one coating agent comprises a lithium chelatoborate in an aprotic organic solvent, wherein the lithium chelatoborate is selected from the group consisting of lithium bis(oxalato)borate, lithium bis(salicylato)borate, lithium bis(malonato)borate, and lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate, and wherein the aprotic organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of oxygen-containing heterocycles, carbonates, nitriles, carboxylic acid esters, and ketones.
4. A method comprising:
lithiating a graphite powder with metallic lithium to form a lithiated graphite powder by a non-electrochemical method; and
contacting the lithiated graphite powder with at least one coating agent so as to form a stabilizing coating layer on the lithiated graphite powder using a non-electrochemical method, wherein the at least one coating agent comprises one selected from the group consisting of N 2 , CO 2 , CO, O 2 , N 2 O, NO, NO 2 , HF, F 2 , PF 3 , PF 5 , POF 3 , carbonic acid esters, lithium chelatoborate solutions, sulphur organic compounds, nitrogen-containing organic compounds, phosphoric acid, organic phosphorus-containing compounds, fluorine-containing organic and inorganic compounds, silicon-containing compounds, and any combination of two or more of the foregoing.
5. The method according to claim 4 , characterized in that the contacting step is carried out at a temperature in the range of from 0° C. to 150° C.
6. A lithium battery electrode comprising the stabilized lithiated graphite powder according to claim 1 as a component and/or active material.
7. The lithium battery electrode according to claim 6 , characterized in that the molar ratio of C:Li in the stabilized lithiated graphite powder is in the range of from 5:1 to 600:1.
8. A galvanic cell comprising a cathode, a lithium-conductive electrolyte separator system and a graphite-containing anode comprising the stabilized lithiated graphite powder according to claim 1 .
9. The galvanic cell according to claim 8 , characterized in that the molar ratio of C:Li in the stabilized lithiated graphite powder is in the range of from 5:1 to 600:1.
10. A method for producing a lithium battery anode, comprising:
forming a mixture by mixing the stabilized lithiated graphite powder according to claim 1 under inert or dry room conditions with
(A) at least one binder material,
(B) optionally at least one further material in powder form, which is capable of intercalating lithium, with an electrochemical potential ≤2 V vs. Li/Li + and
(C) optionally an additive for improving conductivity, and,
(D) a non-aqueous solvent,
homogenizing the mixture;
applying the mixture, in the form of a dispersion, to a current collector foil; and
drying the current collector foil having the mixture thereon.
11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the mixture comprises the at least one further material in powder form, wherein the at least one further material in powder form is selected from the group consisting of graphites, graphene, layer-structured lithium transition metal nitrides, metal powder capable of alloying with lithium, main group metal oxides with a metal that alloys with lithium in the reduced form, metal hydrides, lithium amide, lithium imide, tetralithium nitride hydride, black phosphorus, and transition metal oxides that are capable of reacting with lithium according to a conversion mechanism under absorption of lithium.
12. The method according to claim 10 , characterized in that the non-aqueous solvent comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, N-methyl-pyrrolidone, N-ethyl-pyrrolidone, toluene dimethyl sulfoxide, ketones, lactones and cyclic ethers.
13. The method according to claim 10 , characterized in that the binder is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), alginic acid, polyacrylates, Teflon and polyisobutylene.
14. The stabilized lithiated graphite powder according to claim 1 wherein in the contacting step the lithiated graphite powder reacts with the at least one coating agent so as to form a stabilization layer on the surface of the lithiated graphite powder.