Scalable terahertz phased array and method
A device and method for terahertz signal generation are disclosed. Oscillators are arranged in a two-dimensional array, each oscillator connected to a corresponding antenna. Each oscillator is unidirectional connected to its adjacent oscillators by a phase shifter. A method for generating a steerable terahertz signal utilizes an array of oscillators connected by corresponding phase shifters. A terahertz signal having a fundamental frequency is generated using the array. The phase shift of one or more of the phase shifters is varied in order to vary the fundamental frequency and/or steer the signal generated by the array.
1. A device for terahertz signal generation, comprising:
a plurality of oscillators arranged in a two-dimensional array, each oscillator having an input, an antenna line, and an output, and wherein each oscillator has a fundamental frequency that is substantially the same as the other oscillators;
a plurality of antennae, each antenna being connected to the antenna line of a corresponding oscillator of the plurality of oscillators;
a plurality of unidirectional phase shifters, each phase shifter connected between adjacent oscillators of the plurality of oscillators from the output of an oscillator to the input of an adjacent oscillator;
wherein each oscillator is connected to each adjacent oscillator in the array by at least one phase shifter, the input of each oscillator being connected to an equivalent number of phase shifters as the corresponding output, and the input of each oscillator being connected to an equivalent number of phase shifters as each input of the other oscillators of the plurality of oscillators;
wherein each oscillator is a cross-coupled pair of transistors;
wherein at least one dimension of the two-dimensional array of oscillators includes at least three oscillators; and
wherein each phase-shifter comprises a plurality of varactors configured to vary the phase shift according to a varying capacitance of the varactors.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the cross coupled pair includes a first transistor and a second transistor, and wherein:
a first transmission line connects a gate of the first transistor to a drain of the second transistor;
a second transmission line connects a gate of the second transistor to a drain; and
a third transmission line connects the drain of the first transistor to the drain of the second transistor.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein each phase shifter comprises a transmission line having a first end connected to the output of an oscillator and a second end connected to the input of an oscillator, and wherein the first end is impedance-matched to the connected oscillator.
4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the phase-shifter is a resonator.
5. The device of claim 4 , wherein a center frequency of the resonator is tuned to the fundamental frequency of the oscillators.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the phase shifters are tuned to maximize a voltage swing and an outgoing coupled energy.
7. The device of claim 1 , wherein each antenna is tuned to a fourth harmonic of the fundamental frequency.
8. The device of claim 1 , wherein each antenna is a patch antenna.
9. A device for terahertz signal generation, comprising:
a plurality of oscillators arranged in a two-dimensional array, each oscillator having an input, an antenna line, and an output, and wherein each oscillator has a fundamental frequency that is substantially the same as the other oscillators;
a plurality of antennae, each antenna being connected to the antenna line of a corresponding oscillator of the plurality of oscillators;
a plurality of unidirectional phase shifters, each phase shifter connected between adjacent oscillators of the plurality of oscillators from the output of an oscillator to the input of an adjacent oscillator;
wherein each oscillator is connected to each adjacent oscillator in the array by at least one phase shifter, the input of each oscillator being connected to an equivalent number of phase shifters as the corresponding output, and the input of each oscillator being connected to an equivalent number of phase shifters as each input of the other oscillators of the plurality of oscillators; and
wherein each oscillator is a cross-coupled pair of transistors, and wherein each phase shifter comprises a transmission line having a first end connected to the output of an oscillator and a second end connected to the input of an oscillator, and wherein the first end is impedance-matched to the connected oscillator.
10. The device of claim 9 , wherein the cross coupled pair includes a first transistor and a second transistor, and wherein:
a first transmission line connects a gate of the first transistor to a drain of the second transistor;
a second transmission line connects a gate of the second transistor to a drain; and
a third transmission line connects the drain of the first transistor to the drain of the second transistor.
11. The device of claim 9 , wherein the phase shifters are tuned to maximize a voltage swing and an outgoing coupled energy.
12. The device of claim 9 , wherein each antenna is tuned to a fourth harmonic of the fundamental frequency.
13. The device of claim 9 , wherein each antenna is a patch antenna.
14. A device for terahertz signal generation, comprising:
a plurality of oscillators arranged in a two-dimensional array, each oscillator having an input, an antenna line, and an output, and wherein each oscillator has a fundamental frequency that is substantially the same as the other oscillators;
a plurality of antennae, each antenna being connected to the antenna line of a corresponding oscillator of the plurality of oscillators;
a plurality of unidirectional phase shifters, each phase shifter connected between adjacent oscillators of the plurality of oscillators from the output of an oscillator to the input of an adjacent oscillator;
wherein each oscillator is connected to each adjacent oscillator in the array by at least one phase shifter, the input of each oscillator being connected to an equivalent number of phase shifters as the corresponding output, and the input of each oscillator being connected to an equivalent number of phase shifters as each input of the other oscillators of the plurality of oscillators;
wherein each oscillator is a cross-coupled pair of transistors;
wherein at least one dimension of the two-dimensional array of oscillators includes at least three oscillators; and
wherein the phase-shifter is a resonator.
15. The device of claim 14 , wherein the cross coupled pair includes a first transistor and a second transistor, and wherein:
a first transmission line connects a gate of the first transistor to a drain of the second transistor;
a second transmission line connects a gate of the second transistor to a drain; and
a third transmission line connects the drain of the first transistor to the drain of the second transistor.
16. The device of claim 14 , wherein each phase shifter comprises a transmission line having a first end connected to the output of an oscillator and a second end connected to the input of an oscillator, and wherein the first end is impedance-matched to the connected oscillator.
17. The device of claim 14 , wherein a center frequency of the resonator is tuned to the fundamental frequency of the oscillators.
18. The device of claim 14 , wherein the phase shifters are tuned to maximize a voltage swing and an outgoing coupled energy.
19. The device of claim 14 , wherein each antenna is tuned to a fourth harmonic of the fundamental frequency.
20. The device of claim 14 , wherein each antenna is a patch antenna.