Sensor

1. A sensor measurement device, comprising:

a transmitter comprising:

a first antenna configured to generate electromagnetic radiation to penetrate a biological material, the electromagnetic radiation having a first wavelength between 30 micrometers and 3 centimeters; and

a first anti-reflection device arranged to transmit electromagnetic radiation of the first wavelength emitted by the first antenna into the biological material, the first anti-reflection device comprising a first metamaterial comprising:

a substrate component having a thickness no greater than the first wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation; and

a plurality of elements supported by the substrate component, wherein the plurality of elements are spaced apart from one another across the substrate component, wherein each element has a first dimension no greater than the first wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation and wherein at least two of the elements of the plurality of elements differ in shape and/or size; and

a receiver comprising a second antenna configured to receive electromagnetic radiation from the biological material,

wherein the transmitter and receiver are arranged for the biological material to be positioned in a radiation path between the first antenna and the second antenna and with the first anti-reflection device in a radiation path between the first antenna and the biological material, such that electromagnetic radiation of the first wavelength can be transmitted from the first anti-reflection device into the biological material and electromagnetic radiation from the biological material can be received by the second antenna; and

wherein the sensor measurement device is a self-contained unit physically associating together the transmitter and the receiver.

2. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein in the first anti-reflection device the first dimension is the direction for propagation of the electromagnetic radiation.

3. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein in the first anti-reflection device at least one of the elements of the plurality of elements has an irregular shape or wherein the elements of the plurality of elements have an irregular shape.

4. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the biological material is bound by a container, and wherein the first anti-reflection device is configured to transmit electromagnetic radiation of the first wavelength into the biological material from a position outside the container.

5. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein in the first anti-reflection device at least a subset of the elements are arranged in an irregular array.

6. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein in the first anti-reflection device the elements are arranged in an irregular array.

7. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein in the first anti-reflection device the substrate component is a dielectric and the elements are conductive.

8. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 7 wherein in the first anti-reflection device the elements are metallic.

9. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein in the first anti-reflection device the substrate component is conductive and the elements are a dielectric.

10. A sensor measurement device of claim 9 wherein the substrate component is metallic.

11. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein in the first anti-reflection device the plurality of elements are collectively arranged to resonate at a first wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation.

12. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first anti-reflection device further comprises a second metamaterial coupled to the first metamaterial, wherein the second metamaterial comprises:

a substrate component having a thickness no greater than a second wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation, wherein the second wavelength is between 30 micrometers and 3 centimeters; and

a plurality of elements supported by the substrate component, wherein each element has a first dimension no greater than a second wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation and at least two of the elements of the plurality of elements are non-identical.

13. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 12 wherein in the first anti-reflection device the second metamaterial is arranged, in cooperation with the first metamaterial, to resonate at a second wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation.

14. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 13 wherein the first wavelength is different to the second wavelength.

15. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first anti-reflection device comprises a plurality of metallic-comprising and/or dielectric-comprising layers.

16. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the electromagnetic radiation of the first wavelength has a frequency of 40 to 100 GHz.

17. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the transmitter further comprises a detector arranged to detect electromagnetic radiation reflected by the biological material.

18. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 further comprising an electronic calliper arranged to determine the distance between the transmitter and receiver.

19. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 further comprising an impedance analyser arranged to determine the impedance of the biological material.

20. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 further comprising an accelerometer.

21. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 further comprising variable resistors and/or capacitors coupled to one or more of the first antenna, the second antenna, the metamaterial of the first device and the metamaterial of the second device, to provide tunability.

22. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the biological material is human or animal tissue bound by skin, and wherein the first anti-reflection device is configured to transmit electromagnetic radiation of the first wavelength from the first antenna, through the skin and into the human or animal tissue.

23. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the human or animal tissue is blood and the sensor is arranged to measure glucose and/or blood sugar level.

24. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the sensor is wearable.

25. A sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the sensor is arranged to be worn on a hand, a foot, an ear or a lip or wherein the sensor is handheld.

26. A system comprising the sensor measurement device as claimed in claim 1 further comprising:

a wireless receiver arranged to receive data related to the biological material from the sensor measurement device;

a software application operating on a device remote to the sensor, the software application arranged to process the data; and

an interface arranged to display the data and/or information related to the data.

27. A sensor measurement device according to claim 1 , wherein the receiver further comprises a second anti-reflection device arranged to transmit electromagnetic radiation of the first wavelength from the biological material to the second antenna, the second anti-reflection device comprising a metamaterial comprising:

a substrate component having a thickness no greater than the first wavelength; and

a plurality of elements supported by the substrate component, wherein the plurality of elements are spaced apart from one another across the substrate component, wherein each element has a first dimension no greater than the first wavelength and wherein at least two of the elements of the plurality of elements differ in shape and/or size.

28. A method of coupling electromagnetic radiation into a biological material using a sensor measurement device according to claim 27 , the method comprising:

providing electromagnetic radiation having the first wavelength from the first antenna;

coupling, by the first anti-reflection device, electromagnetic radiation having the first wavelength from the first antenna into the biological material; and

coupling, by the second anti-reflection device, electromagnetic radiation having the first wavelength from biological material to the second antenna.

29. A sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the first wavelength corresponds to a frequency of 40-100 GHz.

30. A method of coupling electromagnetic radiation into a biological material of a human or animal using a sensor measurement device, the sensor measurement device comprising:

a transmitter comprising:

a first antenna configured to generate electromagnetic radiation to penetrate a biological material, the electromagnetic radiation having a first wavelength between 30 micrometers and 3 centimeters; and

a first anti-reflection device arranged to transmit electromagnetic radiation of the first wavelength emitted by the first antenna into the biological material, the first anti-reflection device comprising a first metamaterial comprising:

a substrate component having a thickness no greater than the first wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation; and

a plurality of elements supported by the substrate component, wherein the plurality of elements are spaced apart from one another across the substrate component, wherein each element has a first dimension no greater than the first wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation and wherein at least two of the elements of the plurality of elements differ in shape and/or size; and

a receiver comprising a second antenna configured to receive electromagnetic radiation from the biological material,

the sensor measurement device being a single a self-contained unit physically associating together the transmitter and the receiver,

the method comprising:

positioning the sensor measurement device with respect to the human or animal such that the transmitter is disposed outside the human or animal, and such that the receiver is disposed outside the human or animal;

providing electromagnetic radiation having the first wavelength from the first antenna to the first anti-reflection device;

transmitting, by the first anti-reflection device, electromagnetic radiation having the first wavelength from the first antenna into the biological material;

receiving, by the receiver, electromagnetic radiation from the biological material; and

characterizing the biological material based on the received radiation.

31. A method according to claim 30 , further comprising receiving electromagnetic radiation of the first wavelength from the biological material at the second antenna.

32. A non-invasive sensor measurement device for sensing a property of a biological tissue of a human or animal, the sensor measurement device comprising:

a transmitter comprising:

a first antenna configured to generate electromagnetic radiation to penetrate the biological material, the electromagnetic radiation having a first wavelength between 30 micrometers and 3 centimeters; and

a first anti-reflection device arranged to transmit electromagnetic radiation of the first wavelength emitted by the first antenna into the biological material, the first anti-reflection device comprising a first metamaterial comprising:

a substrate component having a thickness no greater than the first wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation; and

a plurality of elements supported by the substrate component, wherein the plurality of elements are spaced apart from one another across the substrate component, wherein each element has a first dimension no greater than the first wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation and wherein at least two of the elements of the plurality of elements differ in shape and/or size; and

a receiver comprising a second antenna configured to receive electromagnetic radiation from the biological material,

wherein the transmitter and receiver are configured to be positioned outside a skin of the human or animal such that the biological material is disposed in a radiation path between the first antenna and the second antenna and with the first anti-reflection device in a radiation path between the first antenna and the biological material, such that radiation of the first wavelength can be transmitted from the first anti-reflection device into the biological material and electromagnetic radiation from the biological material can be received by the second antenna; and

wherein the sensor measurement device is a self-contained wearable device or is a self-contained handheld device.