Photovoltaic power generation systems and methods regarding same
A solid fuel power source that provides at least one of electrical and thermal power comprising (i) at least one reaction, cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H 2 O catalyst or H 2 O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H 2 O catalyst or H 2 O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a material to cause the fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides a short burst of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos, (iv) a product recovery systems such as a vapor condenser, (v) a reloading system, (vi) at least one of hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical systems to regenerate the fuel from the reaction products, (vii) a heat sink that accepts the heat from the power-producing reactions, (viii) a photovoltaic power converter comprising at least one of a concentrated solar power device, and at least one triple-junction photovoltaic cell, monocrystalline cell, polycrystalline cell, amorphous cell, string/ribbon silicon cell, multi-junction cell, homojunction cell, heterojunction cell, p-i-n device, thin-film cells, dye-sensitized cell, and an organic photovoltaic cell, and an antireflection coating, an optical impedance matching coating, and a protective coating.
1 . A power system that generates at least one of direct electrical energy and thermal energy comprising:
at least one vessel;
a reaction mixture comprising reactants comprising a mixture of a metal, a metal oxide, and H 2 O, wherein the reaction mixture does not comprise CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , or NO 2′ and the metal is at least one of the group of CU, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In;
at least one set of electrodes, wherein the reaction mixture completes the circuit between the electrodes,
a source of electrical power connected to the electrodes and configured to deliver current electrical energy to the reactant mixture to produce light and thermal output from the reaction mixture, wherein the light and thermal output are optionally converted into blackbody radiation;
a reloading system;
at least one system to regenerate metal from the metal oxide, and
at least one photovoltaic converter configured to convert the light and/or blackbody radiation into electrical energy.
2 . The power system of claim 1 wherein the reactants further comprise at least one of
O 2 , HOOH, OOH − , peroxide ion, superoxide ion, hydride, H 2 , a halide, an oxyhydroxide, a hydroxide, a hydrated compound, a hydrated compound selected from the group of at least one of a halide, an oxide, an oxyhydroxide, and a hydroxide.
3 . The power system of claim 1 further comprising a hygroscopic material wherein the hygroscopic material comprises at least one of the group of lithium bromide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate, carnallite such as KMgCl 3 ·6(H 2 O), ferric ammonium citrate, potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide and concentrated sulfuric and phosphoric acids, cellulose fibers, sugar, caramel, honey, glycerol, ethanol, methanol, diesel fuel, methamphetamine, a fertilizer chemical, a salt, a desiccant, silica, activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, a molecular sieves, a zeolite, a deliquescent material, zinc chloride, calcium chloride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and a deliquescent salt.
4 . The power system of claim 1 wherein the current electrical energy delivered to the reaction mixture comprises at least one of the following:
a voltage selected to cause a high AC, DC, or an AC-DC mixture of current that is in the range of 100 A to 1,000,000 A;
a DC or peak AC current density in the range of 100 A/cm 2 to 1,000,000 A/cm 2 ;
a DC or peak AC voltage determined by the current times the resistance of the reaction mixture from about 0.1 V to 500 KV; and
an AC frequency in the range of about 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz.
5 . The power system of claim 1 wherein the regeneration system comprises at least one of a hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical system.
6 . The power system of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic power converter includes a photon-to-electric power converter.
7 . The power system of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic power converter comprises a concentrated photovoltaic device.
8 . The power system of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic power converter includes a plurality of multi junction photovoltaic cells.
9 . The power system of claim 1 , further comprising
an output power conditioner operably coupled to the photovoltaic power converter; and
an output power terminal operably coupled to the output power conditioner.
10 . The power system of claim 1 , further comprising an inverter.
11 . The power system of claim 1 , further comprising an energy storage device.