Electrically-driven fluid flow and related systems and methods, including electrospinning and electrospraying systems and methods
Systems and methods in which the flow of fluid is electrically driven, including electrospinning and electrospraying systems and methods, are generally described.
1. A system, comprising:
an emitter comprising an array of at least about 9 protrusions extending from an emitter substrate and having an aerial density of at least about 9 protrusions/cm 2 ; and
an electrode;
wherein:
when a voltage is applied across the emitter and the electrode and the emitter is exposed to a fluid, the fluid is essentially simultaneously emitted from at least about 10% of the protrusions in the array toward the electrode, and
at least one of the protrusions comprises a plurality of microstructures having aspect ratios of greater than 10 extending from at least one external surface of the protrusion.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the protrusions have an aerial density of between about 9 protrusions/cm 2 and about 100,000 protrusions/cm 2 .
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the protrusions do not contain internal fluid passageways.
4. The system of claim 1 , comprising a voltage source configured to apply the voltage across the emitter and the electrode.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein, when the voltage is applied across the emitter and the electrode, and the emitter is exposed to a fluid, the fluid is essentially simultaneously emitted from at least about 90% of the protrusions in the array toward the electrode.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein, when the voltage is applied across the emitter and the electrode, and the emitter is exposed to a fluid, the fluid is emitted in droplets toward the electrode.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the droplets each have a volume, and the standard deviation of the volumes of the droplets is less than about 100% of the average of the volumes of the droplets.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein, when the voltage is applied across the emitter and the electrode and the emitter is exposed to a fluid, the fluid is emitted in continuous streams toward the electrode.
9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the standard deviation of the cross-sectional diameters of the continuous streams is less than 100% of the average of the cross-sectional diameters of the continuous streams.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein fluid is essentially simultaneously emitted from at least about 10% of the protrusions in the array toward the electrode when a voltage of less than about 10 kilovolts is applied across the emitter and the electrode.
11. The system of claim 1 , wherein fluid is essentially simultaneously emitted from at least about 10% of the protrusions in the array toward the electrode when a voltage of from about 100 volts to about 10 kilovolts is applied across the emitter and the electrode.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the protrusions have heights of at least about 50 microns.
13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the protrusions have volumes, and the standard deviation of the volumes of the protrusions is less than about 100% of the average of the volumes of the protrusions.
14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the protrusions comprise tips having radii of curvature, and the standard deviation of the radii of curvature of the protrusion tips is less than about 100% of the average of the radii of curvature of the protrusion tips.
15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the array of protrusions is a substantially planar array.
16. The system of claim 1 , wherein the protrusions are substantially perpendicular to the emitter substrate.
17. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system is configured such that a charged fluid is emitted from the protrusions.
18. The system of claim 1 , wherein, when the voltage is applied across the emitter and the electrode, and the emitter is exposed to a fluid, the fluid is emitted as ions toward the electrode.
19. The system of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the microstructures comprise nanotubes, nanofibers, nanowires, nanopillars, and/or nanowhiskers.
20. A system, comprising:
an emitter comprising an array of at least about 9 protrusions extending from an emitter substrate and having an aerial density of at least about 9 protrusions/cm 2 ; and
an electrode;
wherein:
when a voltage is applied across the emitter and the electrode and the emitter is exposed to a fluid, the fluid is essentially simultaneously emitted from at least about 10% of the protrusions in the array toward the electrode, and
at least one of the protrusions comprises nanotubes, nanofibers, nanowires, nanopillars, and/or nanowhiskers having longitudinal axes extending outward from at least one external surface of the protrusion.