Feed-forward control system with current estimator
A method and apparatus for estimating capacitor current in a feed-forward control system includes a circuit that conducts a current through an output capacitor to ground and estimates a current magnitude for the current in an output current estimator. The current estimator generates a voltage that corresponds to the estimated current magnitude by creating a voltage drop across an estimator circuit capacitor that equals a voltage drop across the output capacitor, by creating a voltage drop across an output of an RC network of the estimator circuit that equals or is proportional to a voltage drop across the output capacitor due to parasitic inductance and parasitic resistance of the output capacitor. The voltage drop across the output of the RC network of the estimator circuit is proportional to current flowing through the parasitic inductance and resistance of the output capacitor.
1. A feed-forward control system, comprising:
a pulse generator module that produces switch control signals based on a first error signal;
first and second switches connected selectively charge and discharge an inductor wherein the first switch is also connected to a DC voltage source and the second switch is also connected to create a connection to ground wherein the first and second switches are configured to open and close based on the switch control signals;
an output node connected to an output capacitor and a load resistor;
a current estimator connected to the output node in a feedback path, wherein the current estimator generates an estimator output signal that corresponds to an estimated current flowing through the output capacitor, wherein the current estimator creates a voltage drop that equals or is proportional to a voltage drop across the output capacitor due to parasitic inductance and parasitic resistance of the output capacitor;
a differential transconductance amplifier that produces a second error signal based on a difference between a reference voltage and an output voltage at the output node; and
a comparator connected to receive the second error signal and the estimator output signal and that is operable to compare the estimator output signal to the second error signal to produce the first error signal.
2. The feed-forward control system of claim 1 , the current estimator further including a voltage controlled current source configured to adjust a voltage drop within the current estimator to match a voltage drop due to parasitic impedances of the output capacitor.
3. The feed-forward control system of claim 1 , the current estimator further including a current controlled current source configured to adjust a voltage drop within the current estimator to match a voltage drop due to parasitic impedances of the output capacitor.
4. The feed-forward control system of claim 1 , the current estimator further including a voltage controlled current source and a current controlled current source, each having adjustable time constant circuitry configured to adjust a voltage drop within the current estimator to match a voltage drop due to parasitic impedances of the output capacitor.
5. The feed-forward control system of claim 4 , the current estimator further including a buffer coupled between the adjustable time constant circuitry wherein the buffer provides isolation and gain to the estimator output signal.
6. The feed-forward control system of claim 4 wherein the voltage controlled current source and the current controlled current source each include selectable gain elements to adjust an estimator output signal time constant of the estimator output signal.
7. The feed-forward control system of claim 1 , the current estimator further comprising:
a current controlled current source having an output that produces the estimator output signal;
a voltage controlled current source that regulates a voltage-controlled current conducted through the current controlled current source;
a first selectable resistive element connected to an input of the voltage controlled current source;
a differential amplifier connected to receive the output voltage produced by the feed-forward control system and further connected to receive an estimator feedback voltage, wherein the differential amplifier produces a third error signal to the first selectable resistive element;
a selectable current estimator capacitor connected to a second input of the differential amplifier and to an input of the current controlled current source to receive voltage controlled current conducted through the current controlled current source; and
wherein the first selectable resistive element and selectable current estimator capacitor are configured to adjustably produce a voltage drop to match a voltage drop of a controller output capacitor's equivalent series resistance (ESR) and equivalent series inductance (ESL).
8. A feed-forward control system, comprising:
a circuit operating at a clock rate that produces an output voltage at an output node; and
a feedback loop that further comprises:
a differential transconductance amplifier that generates a first error signal at the clock rate based on a difference between a voltage that corresponds to a capacitor current estimate and a reference voltage;
a capacitor current estimator that produces a voltage that corresponds to the capacitor current estimate, wherein the capacitor current estimator creates a voltage drop that equals or is proportional to a voltage drop across an output capacitor due to parasitic inductance and parasitic resistance of the output capacitor; and
a comparator that compares the first error signal to the voltage that corresponds to the capacitor current estimate to produce a second error signal to the circuit to adjust the output voltage.
9. The feed-forward control system of claim 8 , the capacitor current estimator further comprising:
a current controlled current source having an output that produces the estimator output signal;
a voltage controlled current source that regulates a voltage-controlled current conducted through the current controlled current source;
a first selectable resistive element connected to an input of the voltage controlled current source;
a differential amplifier connected to receive the output voltage produced by the feed-forward control system and further connected to receive an estimator feedback voltage, wherein the differential amplifier produces a third error signal to the first selectable resistive element; and
a selectable current estimator capacitor connected to a second input of the differential amplifier and to an input of the current controlled current source to receive voltage controlled current conducted through the current controlled current source.
10. The feed-forward control system of claim 9 , wherein the voltage controlled current source is configured to adjust a voltage drop within the capacitor current estimator to match a voltage drop due to parasitic impedances of the output capacitor due to equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the output capacitor.
11. The feed-forward control system of claim 9 , wherein the current controlled current source is configured to adjust a voltage drop within the capacitor current estimator to match a voltage drop due to parasitic impedances of the output capacitor due to equivalent series inductance (ESL) of the output capacitor.
12. The feed-forward control system of claim 8 , the capacitor current estimator further including a voltage controlled current source and a current controlled current source, wherein the voltage controlled current source adjusts at least one voltage drop within the capacitor current estimator to match a voltage drop due to parasitic impedances of the output capacitor due to equivalent series resistance (ESR) time constant of the output capacitor and the current controlled current source adjusts a voltage drop within the capacitor current estimator to match a voltage drop due to parasitic impedances of the output capacitor due to equivalent series inductance (ESL) time constant of the output capacitor.
13. The feed-forward control system of claim 12 , the capacitor current estimator further including a buffer coupled between an input and the voltage controlled current source wherein the buffer provides isolation and gain for the voltage that corresponds to the capacitor current estimate produced by the capacitor current estimator.
14. The feed-forward control system of claim 13 wherein the voltage controlled current source and the current controlled current source each include selectable components to adjust an estimator output signal time constant of the estimator output signal.
15. A method for estimating capacitor current in a feed-forward control system, comprising:
conducting a current through an output capacitor to ground;
estimating a current magnitude for the current in an output current estimator and generating a voltage that corresponds to the estimated current magnitude, wherein the estimating comprises creating a voltage drop that equals or is proportional to a voltage drop across an output capacitor due to parasitic inductance and parasitic resistance of the output capacitor;
comparing the voltage to a reference voltage;
generating an error signal based on said comparing; and
adjusting an output voltage based on the error signal.
16. The method of claim 15 , the output current estimator further including generating adjustable time constant to match an equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the output capacitor.
17. The method of claim 15 , further including the output current estimator generating adjustable time constant to match an equivalent series inductance (ESL) of the output capacitor.
18. The method of claim 15 further including adjusting at least one of a resistive value or a capacitive value within the output current estimator to adjust an output current estimator time constant to match that of the output capacitor.
19. The method of claim 15 further including adjusting a current flow magnitude of a voltage controlled current source current output magnitude to generate an output voltage that is proportional to the output capacitor current.
20. The method of claim 15 further including adjusting a current flow magnitude of a current controlled current source current output magnitude to generate an output voltage that is proportional to the output capacitor current.
21. A method for estimating capacitor current in a feed-forward control system, comprising:
conducting a current through an output capacitor to ground;
estimating a current magnitude for the current in an output current estimator and generating a voltage that corresponds to the estimated current magnitude by:
creating a voltage drop across an estimator circuit capacitor that equals a voltage drop across the output capacitor;
creating a voltage drop across an output of an RC network of the estimator circuit that equals or is proportional to a voltage drop across the output capacitor due to parasitic inductance and parasitic resistance of the output capacitor; and
wherein:
the voltage drop across the output of the RC network of the estimator circuit is proportional to current flowing through the parasitic inductance and resistance of the output capacitor; and
the RC network of the estimator circuit has a time constant that is the same as the time constant of the output capacitor due to the parasitic inductance and capacitance.
22. The method of claim 21 further including scaling the estimator circuit capacitor in relation to the output capacitor.
23. The method of claim 21 further including
conducting an output current through an output resistive element to create an output voltage;
comparing the output voltage to a reference voltage;
generating an error signal based on said comparing; and
adjusting the output voltage based on the error signal.