Pacemaker for unilateral vocal cord autoparalysis

1. A method of treating a human subject having unilateral vocal cord paralysis, the method comprising:

sensing electrical activity of a dysfunctional muscle of the subject;

generating at least one stimulation parameter, using a processor, based on the sensed electrical activity; and

stimulating the dysfunctional muscle, using a stimulating electrode, based on the at least one stimulation parameter.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dysfunctional muscle is a synkinetically reinnervated muscle.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing the stimulating electrode configured to contact the dysfunctional muscle.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stimulating electrode is configured to sense the electrical activity of the dysfunctional muscle.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stimulating electrode is configured to be distal to an insertion point of a recurrent laryngeal nerve or vagus nerve into innervated muscle.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein stimulating the dysfunctional muscle stimulates a vocalizing muscle that opens or closes a vocal fold.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the vocalizing muscle is selected from the group consisting of thyroarytenoid muscles, vocalis muscles, posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, lateral cricoarytenoid muscles, cricothyroid muscle and combinations thereof.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein sensing includes detecting electromyographic (EMG) activity of a vocalizing muscle, detecting movement related to voice production, or both.

9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

determining when the sensed electrical activity has reached a predetermined level; and

generating the at least one stimulation parameter when the predetermined level is reached.

10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising stimulating a recurrent laryngeal nerve or vagus nerve or activating a glottic closure reflex based on the at least one stimulation parameter.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein activating includes electrical stimulation, mechanical stimulation, or a combination thereof.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one stimulation parameter includes a stimulation voltage that is above a threshold for activation of vocal cord adductor muscles of the subject and below a threshold for activation of vocal cord abductor muscles of the subject.

13. A stimulation system for a human subject having unilateral vocal cord paralysis, the system comprising:

a sensing electrode configured to sense electrical activity of a dysfunctional muscle of the subject;

a processor configured to receive the sensed electrical activity of the dysfunctional muscle and configured to generate at least one stimulation parameter based on the sensed electrical activity; and

a stimulating electrode configured to stimulate the dysfunctional muscle of the subject based on the at least one stimulation parameter.

14. The stimulation system of claim 13 , wherein the processor is configured to detect when the sensed electrical activity has reached a predetermined level and configured to generate the at least one stimulation parameter when the predetermined level is reached.

15. The stimulation system of claim 13 , further comprising a manual activator configured to cause the processor to generate the at least one stimulation parameter.

16. The stimulation system of claim 13 , wherein the sensing electrode and the stimulating electrode are on the same electrode lead.

17. The stimulation system of claim 13 , wherein the at least one stimulation parameter includes a stimulation voltage that is above a threshold for activation of vocal cord adductor muscles of the subject and below a threshold for activation of vocal cord abductor muscles of the subject.

18. The stimulation system of claim 13 , wherein the sensing electrode is configured to sense electrical activity of a synkinetically reinnervated dysfunctional muscle.