Solid composites containing polymeric matrix with carbon fibers embedded therein
A functionalized carbon fiber having covalently bound on its surface a partially cured epoxy or amine-containing sizing agent, wherein at least a portion of epoxide or amine groups in the sizing agent are available as uncrosslinked epoxide or amine groups, which corresponds to a curing degree of epoxide or amine groups of no more than about 0.6. Composites comprised of these functionalized carbon fibers embedded in a polymeric matrix are also described. Methods for producing the functionalized carbon fibers and composites thereof are also described.
1. A solid composite in which carbon fibers are embedded in a polymeric matrix derived from an unsaturated precursor resin containing carbon-carbon double bonds, wherein said carbon fibers have covalently bonded on their surfaces a partially cured sizing agent comprised of an epoxy resin, wherein said epoxy resin is covalently attached to a linking group that contains an accessible unsaturated group capable of reacting with said carbon-carbon double bonds via a vinyl addition reaction, and at least a portion of epoxide groups in the sizing agent are available as uncrosslinked epoxide groups, which corresponds to a curing degree of epoxide groups of no more than about 0.6.
2. The solid composite of claim 1 , wherein said polymeric matrix is a thermoset.
3. The solid composite of claim 2 , wherein said thermoset is derived from vinyl-addition polymerization of an unsaturated resin containing carbon-carbon double bonds.
4. The solid composite of claim 3 , wherein said unsaturated resin is a vinyl ester resin.
5. The solid composite of claim 3 , wherein said unsaturated resin is an unsaturated polyester resin.
6. The solid composite of claim 3 , wherein said unsaturated resin is in admixture with at least one unsaturated reactive diluent that is cured with the unsaturated resin.
7. The solid composite of claim 6 , wherein said unsaturated reactive diluent is selected from the group consisting of styrene, divinyl benzenes, methacrylates, acrylates, and vinyl esters.
8. The solid composite of claim 1 , wherein said polymeric matrix is derived from an acrylate or methacrylate resin.
9. The solid composite of claim 1 , wherein said polymeric matrix is a thermoplastic.
10. The solid composite of claim 1 , wherein said epoxy resin possesses a curing degree of surface epoxide groups of no more than about 0.5.
11. The solid composite of claim 1 , wherein said epoxy resin possesses a curing degree of surface epoxide groups of no more than about 0.4.
12. The solid composite of claim 1 , wherein said epoxy resin is comprised of a difunctional epoxy resin.
13. The solid composite of claim 12 , wherein said difunctional epoxy resin is selected from one or both of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether.
14. The solid composite of claim 1 , wherein said epoxy resin is trifunctional or a higher functional epoxy resin.
15. The solid composite of claim 1 , wherein said partially cured sizing agent is a flexible gel.
16. A solid composite in which carbon fibers are embedded in a polymeric matrix derived from an unsaturated precursor resin containing carbon-carbon double bonds, wherein said carbon fibers have covalently bonded on their surfaces a partially cured amine-containing sizing agent, wherein said amine-containing sizing agent is covalently attached to a linking group that contains an accessible unsaturated group capable of reacting with said carbon-carbon double bonds via a vinyl addition reaction, and at least a portion of amine groups in the sizing agent are available as uncrosslinked amine groups, which corresponds to a curing degree of amine groups of no more than about 0.6.
17. The solid composite of claim 16 , wherein said polymeric matrix is a thermoset.
18. The solid composite of claim 17 , wherein said thermoset is an acrylate resin, vinyl ester resin, or polyester resin that covalently bonds with amine groups of the amine-containing sizing agent.
19. The solid composite of claim 18 , wherein said resin is an acrylate, a vinyl sulfone, a vinyl ester, a polyester, or an unsaturated resin containing an acrylate monomer or a vinyl ester monomer in admixture with at least one unsaturated reactive diluent.
20. The solid composite of claim 19 , wherein said unsaturated reactive diluent is selected from the group consisting of styrene, divinyl benzenes, methacrylates, and vinyl esters.
21. The solid composite of claim 16 , wherein said polymeric matrix is a thermoplastic derived from a monomer containing a functionality that covalently bonds with the uncrosslinked amine groups of the sizing agent.
22. The solid composite of claim 21 , wherein said functionality is selected from an ester, a carboxylic acid, a urethane, an aldehyde, and a ketone.