Large scale production of oxidized graphene

1. A method for producing functionalized graphene, comprising:

combining a crystalline graphite with a first electrolyte solution, the first electrolyte solution including at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, an oxidizer, and a surfactant;

milling the crystalline graphite in the presence of the first electrolyte solution for a first time period to produce a thinned intermediate material;

combining the thinned intermediate material with a second electrolyte solution, the second electrolyte solution including a strong oxidizer and at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, a weak oxidizer, and a surfactant; and

milling the thinned intermediate material in the presence of the second electrolyte solution for a second time period to produce a functionalized graphene.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first electrolyte solution includes a polar solvent.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the polar solvent includes one or more of water, ethanol, methanol and 1-propanol.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal hydroxide salt in the first electrolyte solution includes at least one of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, and a boron group element.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oxidizer in the first electrolyte solution is a weak oxidizer.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surfactant in the first electrolyte solution includes at least one of sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, pyridinium, thionin acetate salt, and triton.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second electrolyte solution includes a polar solvent.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the strong oxidizer includes at least one of potassium permanganate, iron chloride, persulfate, and fluorine.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal hydroxide salt in the second electrolyte solution includes at least one of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, and a boron group element.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the weak oxidizer in the second electrolyte solution includes at least one of hydrogen peroxide, chromate, chlorate, and perchlorate.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surfactant in the second electrolyte solution includes at least one of sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, pyridinium, thionin acetate salt, and triton.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the milling during at least one of the first time period and the second time period is paused to evacuate gas.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized graphene has an edge and the edge includes at least one of hydroxyl anions and carbonyl groups.

14. A method for producing functionalized graphene, comprising:

transferring a thinned graphite into a vessel;

transferring a metal hydroxide salt into the vessel, the metal hydroxide salt formulated to release a hydroxyl ion upon ionization by an electrostatic charge;

transferring a solvent into the vessel, the solvent formulated to facilitate diffusion of the hydroxyl ion so as to allow bonding of the first hydroxyl ion to an edge of the thinned crystalline graphite;

transferring an oxidizer into the vessel, the oxidizer formulated to react with the hydroxyl ion at the edge of the thinned crystalline graphite so as to convert the hydroxyl ion at the edge of the thinned crystalline graphite into a carbonyl group; and

rotating the vessel to generate the electrostatic charge.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the thinned graphite is produced in a wet milling process.

16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the vessel is rotated from about 4 hours to about 10 hours.

17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the vessel is rotated at a rotation speed in a range of about 200 rpm to about 250 rpm.

18. The method of claim 14 , further comprising transferring a surfactant into the vessel.

19. A method for producing functionalized graphene, comprising:

transferring a crystalline graphite into a milling vessel, the milling vessel including a media;

transferring a first electrolyte solution into the milling vessel, the first electrolyte solution including at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, a weak oxidizer, and a surfactant;

rotating the milling vessel to cause shearing of layers of the crystalline graphite to produce a thinned intermediate material;

removing the first electrolyte solution from the milling vessel;

transferring a second electrolyte solution into the milling vessel, the second electrolyte solution including a strong oxidizer and at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, a weak oxidizer, and a surfactant; and

rotating the milling vessel to generate an electrostatic charge and to produce functionalized graphene.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein a volume ratio of polar solvent to non-polar solvent in the milling vessel is in a range from about 10:1 to about 1,000:1.

21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the non-polar solvent includes at least one of toluene, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, heptane, N,N-Demethylformamide, acetonitrile, chlorobenzene, and dimethyl sulfoxide.

22. The method of claim 19 , wherein the second electrolyte solution includes an organic solvent.

23. The method of claim 19 , wherein a volume ratio of a polar solvent to an organic solvent in the milling vessel is in a range from about 10:1 to about 1,000:1.

24. The method of claim 19 , wherein the strong oxidizer includes at least one of potassium permanganate, iron chloride, persulfate, and fluorine.

25. The method of claim 19 , wherein the functionalized graphene has an edge and the edge includes at least one of hydroxyl anions and carbonyl groups.

26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the edge includes a mixture of hydroxyl anions and carbonyl groups.

27. The method of claim 25 , wherein the ratio of hydroxyl anions to carbonyl groups is in a range of about 1:1 to about 10:1.

28. The method of claim 19 , wherein the functionalized graphene is less than about 10 layers thick.

29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the functionalized graphene is less than about 5 layers thick.