High solubility iron hexacyanides
Stable solutions comprising high concentrations of charged coordination complexes, including iron hexacyanides are described, as are methods of preparing and using same in chemical energy storage systems, including flow battery systems. The use of these compositions allows energy storage densities at levels unavailable by other iron hexacyanide systems.
1. A solution comprising:
a solvent;
a dissolved iron hexacyanide complex having a concentration in the solvent ranging between about 1 M and about 3 M at a temperature of about 20° C. to about 25° C.; and
at least two different counterions forming a salt of the dissolved iron hexacyanide complex, the at least two different counterions comprising a first counterion and a second counterion;
wherein the at least two different counterions comprise at least an ammonium ion, a substituted ammonium ion, or a combination thereof, and a molar ratio of the first counterion to the second counterion ranges between about 1:10 to about 10:1; and
wherein the dissolved iron hexacyanide complex is interconvertible between a ferricyanide state and a ferrocyanide state without forming a precipitate in either state.
2. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the solvent comprises an aqueous solvent.
3. The solution of claim 2 , wherein the aqueous solvent is free of a co-solvent.
4. The solution of claim 2 , wherein the solution has an alkaline pH value.
5. The solution of claim 4 , wherein the solution has a pH ranging between about 7.5 and about 12.
6. The solution of claim 4 , wherein the solution has a pH ranging between about 8 and about 13.
7. The solution of claim 4 , wherein the solution has a pH ranging between about 9 and about 12.
8. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the at least two different counterions comprise a mixture of monovalent cations.
9. The solution of claim 8 , wherein the at least two different counterions comprise one or more alkali metal cations.
10. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the dissolved iron hexacyanide complex comprises a mixture of iron (II) hexacyanide and iron (III) hexacyanide.
11. The solution of claim 1 , further comprising:
one or more of a viscosity modifier, a wetting agent, a buffering agent, and a supporting electrolyte.
12. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of the first counterion to the second counterion ranges between about 0.9:1 and about 1.1:1.
13. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the first counterion comprises an ammonium ion or a substituted ammonium ion, and the second counterion comprises an alkali metal cation.
14. A flow battery comprising:
a first half-cell containing a first electrolyte solution; and
a second half-cell containing a second electrolyte solution;
wherein at least one of the first half-cell and the second half-cell contains the solution of claim 1 .
15. The flow battery of claim 14 , wherein the solution exhibits a charge/discharge density ranging between about 32 A-h/L and about 80 A-h/L.
16. The flow battery of claim 14 , wherein the solvent comprises an aqueous solvent.
17. The flow battery of claim 16 , wherein the solution has an alkaline pH value.
18. The flow battery of claim 14 , wherein the first counterion comprises an ammonium ion or a substituted ammonium ion, and the second counterion comprises an alkali metal cation.