Hybrid dairy cattle and systems for maximizing hybrid advantage
Systems for selecting, generating, and breeding hybrid dairy cattle are described, as are methods for maintaining herds of hybrid cattle.
1. A method comprising steps of:
implanting into a host dairy cow dam, an F1 embryo generated through a cross of an F0 dam and an F0 sire,
wherein the F0 dam is of a different dairy breed from the F0 sire,
wherein the F0 dam and F0 sire were selected for the cross based on a measured milk production performance characteristic of a prior F1 progeny generated in a prior cross of the F0 dam, the F0 sire, or both, and
wherein the measured milk production performance characteristic is superior in the prior F1 progeny as compared with the F0 dam.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the host dairy cow dam is the prior F1 progeny generated in the prior cross of the F0 dam and the F0 sire.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the host dairy cow dam is an F0 animal.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measured milk production performance characteristic is selected from the group consisting of milk production, longevity, age of first calving, body depth, cell counts, cow conception rate, dairy form, daughter calving ease, daughter pregnancy rate, daughter still birth, fat pounds, fat percent, fertility, fore udder attachment, front teat placement, heifer conception rate, ketosis, lameness rate, lameness degree, locomotion, milk productive life, milking speed, protein percent, protein pounds, rear teat placement, rear udder height, reproductive life, resistance to cold, resistance to disease, resistance to mastitis, resistance to metritis, somatic cell score, size, udder conformation, and udder depth.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of implanting comprises implanting into each of a plurality of the host dairy cow dams one of a plurality of the F1 embryos.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein each host dairy cow dam is a prior F1 progeny of a prior cross of the F0 dam and the F0 sire.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of the F1 embryos were generated from one or more repeat crosses of the F0 dam and the F0 sire.
8. The method of claim 5 ,
wherein each host dairy cow dam is an F1 progeny of a prior cross of a second F0 dam, a second F0 sire, or both,
wherein the second F0 dam and/or second F0 sire were selected for the cross based on a measured milk production performance characteristic of a second prior F1 progeny generated in a second prior cross of the second F0 dam and the second F0 sire.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the F0 dam is the same animal as the second F0 dam, the F0 sire is the same animal as the second F0 sire, or both.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the F0 dam is the same dairy breed as the second F0 dam, the F0 sire is the same dairy breed as the second F0 sire, or both.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the F0 dam is a different animal from the same line as the as the second F0 dam, the F0 sire is a different animal from the same line as the second F0 sire, or both.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the F1 embryo is generated by in vitro fertilization.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the F1 embryo is generated by in vivo fertilization.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the F0 dam, the F0 sire, or both is of a dairy breed selected from the group consisting of Holstein, Friesian, Norwegian Red, Danish Red, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Ayrshire, Jersey, Red & White, Milking Shorthorn, Lineback, Dutch Belted, Burlina, Belarus Red, Canadienne, Carora, Danish Jersey, Frankeston Red, German black pied, Brahman, Illawarra, and Meuse-Rhine-Issel.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the F0 dam, F0 sire, or both is of a dairy breed selected from the group consisting of Holstein, Jersey, and Norwegian Red.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the F0 dam, the F0 sire, or both is of a dairy breed selected from the group consisting of Friesian and Danish Red.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the F0 dam, the F0 sire, or both is of a dairy breed selected from the group consisting of Brown Swiss, Ayrshire, Guernsey, and Milking Shorthorn.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the F0 dam or the F0 sire is of the dairy breed Brahman.
19. The method of claim 1 , further including a step of allowing the F1 embryo to develop into F1 progeny, wherein the measured milk production performance characteristic is superior in the F1 progeny as compared to the F0 dam.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of implanting is repeated so that a herd of dairy cow dams is generated, each of which is implanted with an F1 embryo.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the F1 embryo in each of the dairy cow dams is from a cross of the same F0 dam, the same F0 sire, or both.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the F1 embryo in each of the dairy cow dams is generated from the same cross of the F0 dam and F0 sire.
23. The method of claim 20 , further comprising a step of allowing each of the embryos to develop into F1 progeny, wherein the measured milk production performance characteristic is superior in the F1 progeny as compared with the F0 dam so that a herd of F1 progeny having the superior, measured milk production performance characteristic is generated.
24. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the steps of selecting the F0 dam and F0 sire by a process comprising the steps of: generating a first test F1 progeny individual through a first cross, which is of a first candidate F0 dam and a first candidate F0 sire, wherein the first candidate F0 dam is of a different dairy breed from the first candidate F0 sire, generating a second test F1 progeny individual through a second cross, which is of a second candidate F0 dam and a second candidate F0 sire, wherein the second candidate F0 dam is of a different dairy breed from the second candidate F0 sire; comparing one or more milk production performance characteristics of the first test F1 progeny individual with one or more milk production performance characteristics of the second test F1 progeny individual; and selecting as the F0 sire that candidate F0 sire whose test F1 progeny individual showed superiority in at least one of the one or more milk production performance characteristics, and/or selecting as the F0 dam that candidate F0 dam whose test F1 progeny individual showed superiority in at least one of the one or more milk production performance characteristics.