Thermoplastic composites with improved thermal and mechanical properties
A moldable composite sheet having improved thermal and mechanical property characteristics. In one aspect, the composite sheet may be a porous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic resin comprising discontinuous mineral reinforcing fibers, and one or more skin layer materials. Generally, the composite sheet may have a void content or porosity from about 5% to about 95% by volume of the sheet, an areal weight between about 400 g/m 2 to about 4000 g/m 2 (gsm), a mineral fiber content from about 20% to about 80% by weight, and a thermoplastic resin content from about 20% to about 80% by weight of the composite sheet. The composite sheet can be molded via low pressure processes, such as thermoforming, match metal molding on stops, vacuum forming and pressure forming, to produce durable automotive interior trim parts and construction articles having improved thermal and mechanical properties in addition to other beneficial characteristics.
1. A method of producing a thermoplastic composite article comprising:
adding discontinuous reinforcing basalt fibers, expandable microspheres and a thermoplastic resin to an agitated liquid-containing foam to form a dispersed liquid mixture of the thermoplastic resin, expandable microspheres and the discontinuous reinforcing basalt fibers;
depositing the dispersed liquid mixture of the discontinuous reinforcing basalt fibers, the expandable microspheres and the thermoplastic resin onto a forming support element;
evacuating the liquid from the deposited dispersed mixture to form a web from the discontinuous reinforcing mineral fibers, the expandable microspheres and the thermoplastic resin;
heating the web above a softening temperature of the thermoplastic resin of the web;
compressing the web to a predetermined thickness to form a porous thermoplastic core sheet material comprising the web formed from the discontinuous reinforcing basalt fibers and the thermoplastic resin; and
disposing a first skin layer on a first surface of the porous thermoplastic core sheet material to form a porous moldable thermoplastic composite sheet article, wherein the basalt fibers are present in the porous thermoplastic core sheet material from about 45 weight percent to about 55 weight percent, and wherein the formed porous moldable thermoplastic composite sheet article comprises a lower sag, a higher peak load value in the machine direction, a higher flexural strength value in the machine direction, a higher flexural modulus in the machine direction and a higher flexural slope in the machine direction when compared to a reference porous moldable thermoplastic composite sheet article that is substantially the same as the formed porous moldable thermoplastic composite sheet article except having glass fibers in place of the basalt fibers.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising disposing a second skin layer on a second surface of the formed porous moldable thermoplastic core sheet material comprising the web formed from the discontinuous reinforcing basalt fibers and the thermoplastic resin.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising configuring the thermoplastic resin to comprise at least one of a polyolefin, a thermoplastic polyolefin blend, a polyester, a polycarbonate, a polystyrene and copolymers and mixtures thereof.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising configuring the length of the fibers to be about 7 mm to about 50 mm with a diameter not less than 7 microns.
5. The method of claim 2 , further comprising configuring the core to comprise additional fibers.
6. The method of claim 5 , further comprising selecting the additional fibers to comprise at least one of glass fibers, carbon fibers, synthetic organic fibers and natural fibers.
7. The method of claim 2 , further comprising configuring the thermoplastic core sheet material to comprise an areal density between 400 g/m 2 and 4000 g/m 2 .
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising lofting the formed thermoplastic core sheet material to increase its thickness.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the expandable microspheres are binderless expandable microspheres comprising hollow particles with a polymeric shell wall surrounding one or more internal gaseous voids.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising configuring the discontinuous reinforcing basalt fibers as chopped basalt fibers, configuring the thermoplastic resin as a polypropylene resin and laminating a multilayer adhesive film on the first surface of the porous thermoplastic core sheet material.
11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising laminating a scrim and barrier layer on the second surface of the porous thermoplastic core sheet material.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising molding the thermoplastic composite article into a vehicle headliner.
13. The method of claim 11 , further comprising molding the thermoplastic composite article into rear pillar automotive trim.
14. The method of claim 2 , wherein the basalt fibers are chopped basalt fibers and wherein the thermoplastic resin is polypropylene uniformly dispersed throughout a thickness of the porous thermoplastic core sheet material.
15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising laminating a copolyamide/polypropylene film to the first surface of the porous thermoplastic core sheet material.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising laminating a barrier layer comprising a polyethylene scrim and a nylon barrier film to the second surface of the porous thermoplastic core sheet material.
17. A method of producing a thermoplastic composite article comprising:
adding discontinuous reinforcing basalt fibers and a thermoplastic resin to an agitated liquid-containing foam to form a dispersed mixture of the thermoplastic resin and the discontinuous reinforcing basalt fibers;
depositing the dispersed mixture of the discontinuous reinforcing basalt fibers and the thermoplastic resin onto a forming support element;
evacuating the liquid from the deposited dispersed mixture to form a web from the discontinuous reinforcing mineral fibers and the thermoplastic resin;
heating the web above a softening temperature of the thermoplastic resin of the web;
compressing the web to a predetermined thickness to form a porous thermoplastic core sheet material comprising the web formed from the discontinuous reinforcing basalt fibers and the thermoplastic resin; and
disposing a first skin layer on a first surface of the porous thermoplastic core sheet material to form a porous moldable thermoplastic composite sheet article, wherein the basalt fibers are present in the porous thermoplastic core sheet material from about 45 weight percent to about 55 weight percent, and wherein the formed porous moldable thermoplastic composite sheet article comprises a lower sag, a higher peak load value in the machine direction, a higher flexural strength value in the machine direction, a higher flexural modulus in the machine direction and a higher flexural slope in the machine direction when compared to a reference porous moldable thermoplastic composite sheet article that is substantially the same as the formed porous moldable thermoplastic composite sheet article except having glass fibers in place of the basalt fibers, wherein the chopped basalt fibers comprise a nominal length of about 0.5 inches and a nominal diameter of about 16 microns, and wherein the basalt fiber loading is 48 weight percent.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the porous thermoplastic composite sheet article comprises an average peak load of 19.4 N in the machine direction, an average flexural strength of 7.03 MPa in the machine direction, an average flexural modulus of 972 MPa in the machine direction and an average flexural slope of 47.5 N/cm in the machine direction as measured using a 3-point being test.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the porous thermoplastic composite sheet article comprises an average peak load of 13.7 N in the transverse direction, an average flexural strength of 5.16 MPa in the transverse direction, an average flexural modulus of 525 MPa in the transverse direction and an average flexural slope of 25.3 N/cm in the transverse direction as measured using a 3-point being test.